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Related Concept Videos

Altered States of Awareness01:06

Altered States of Awareness

Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
The ingestion of substances like stimulants or hallucinogens leads to chemical alterations in the brain that...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes loosely...
Dissociative Identity Disorder01:30

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
Dissociative Amnesia01:21

Dissociative Amnesia

Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
Dissociative Disorders01:27

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
Dissociative Fugue
A hallmark feature of dissociative disorders is the dissociative fugue...

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SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
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Published on: February 6, 2021

A complicated case of altered sensorium.

Kushaal Vikram1, K N Shivashankara, Joydeep Chakraborty

  • 1Department of Cardiology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India.

BMJ Case Reports
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis and cerebral malaria can present similarly, complicating diagnosis. This case highlights how MRI can differentiate CNS tuberculosis, even when initial malaria treatment fails, leading to successful outcomes with antitubercular therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Tuberculosis and malaria are prevalent in the Indian subcontinent, both causing severe neurological complications.
  • Differentiating between central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis and cerebral malaria can be clinically challenging.
  • Focal neurological deficits are more characteristic of CNS tuberculosis than cerebral malaria.

Observation:

  • A 48-year-old woman presented with fever and altered sensorium, initially treated for falciparum malaria based on peripheral smear results and a normal CT scan.
  • Persistent symptoms and the development of focal neurological signs prompted further investigation.
  • Brain MRI revealed multiple tuberculomas, leading to a diagnosis of CNS tuberculosis.

Findings:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) proved crucial in differentiating CNS tuberculosis from cerebral malaria.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis of CNS tuberculosis is essential for effective management.
  • Prompt initiation of antitubercular treatment (ATT) and corticosteroids led to significant clinical improvement.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering CNS tuberculosis in patients with neurological symptoms, especially in endemic areas.
  • Advanced imaging like MRI is vital for accurate diagnosis when clinical presentation is ambiguous.
  • Timely diagnosis and treatment of CNS tuberculosis can prevent severe neurological sequelae and improve patient outcomes.