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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra. Symptoms...
Urine Studies I: Urinalysis01:29

Urine Studies I: Urinalysis

Urinalysis is a widely used diagnostic test that analyzes urine's physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics. Healthcare providers use it to detect and monitor various health conditions, including renal disease, urinary tract infections (UTIs), diabetes, and metabolic or systemic disorders.Components of UrinalysisUrinalysis consists of three primary components: physical, chemical, and microscopic examination. Each provides unique insights into the urine sample and, by extension, the...
Testes: Histology01:27

Testes: Histology

A tough, fibrous membrane, the tunica albuginea, covers the testes, extending inward to form fibrous partitions or septa, dividing them into internal compartments called lobules. Each lobule has 1 to 3 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules where sperm production occurs. These tubules merge into a tubular network at the back of the testis, known as the rete testis. It connects to 15 to 20 efferent ductules, leading to the epididymis.
The spermatogenic cells, responsible for producing sperm, are...
Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
Testes: Gross Anatomy01:19

Testes: Gross Anatomy

The testes, also known as testicles, are the male gonads. They are housed within the scrotum, a sac-like structure located beneath the penis. The scrotum's primary role is to regulate the temperature of the testes, which is crucial for sperm production.
Each testis is surrounded by the tunica albuginea, a dense connective tissue layer that provides structural support and protection. This layer is covered by an outer serous membrane called the tunica vaginalis, which helps reduce friction...
Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System01:25

Accessory Ducts of the Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system is a complex network of organs and tissues that work together to produce and transport sperm. The epididymis, vasa deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra are the accessory ducts involved in sperm maturation and transportation. These ducts play a critical role in the production and transportation of sperm from the testes to the urethra, where it is then released during ejaculation.
The epididymis is a small, comma-shaped organ located at the back of each testicle.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen
04:36

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen

Published on: January 19, 2024

Basic diagnostics in andrology.

Sonja Grunewald1, Uwe Paasch

  • 1Clinic and Polyclinic for Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Hospital Leipzig AöR and Leipzig Medical School of the University of Leipzig, Germany.

Journal Der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft = Journal of the German Society of Dermatology : JDDG
|August 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Andrological diagnosis now includes lifestyle and metabolic factors. Updated guidelines and new markers like sperm DNA fragmentation improve male fertility assessment and quality assurance in semen analysis.

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen
04:36

The Examination of Peroxidase-Positive Leukocytes in Semen

Published on: January 19, 2024

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
08:48

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects

Published on: April 21, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Andrology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Urology

Background:

  • Male fertility assessment traditionally relies on medical history, physical examination, and basic tests.
  • Recent research highlights the impact of lifestyle and metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes) on male reproductive health.
  • Evolving diagnostic criteria necessitate updates to standard clinical practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current standards and advancements in andrological diagnosis for male infertility.
  • To detail the significant updates in semen analysis guidelines and their implications.
  • To emphasize the integration of new diagnostic markers and quality assurance measures.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive patient and couple history taking.
  • Physical examination including genital ultrasound and hormonal analysis.
  • Spermiogram analysis with updated WHO 2010 criteria and RiliBÄK guidelines.
  • Inclusion of advanced tests like sperm DNA fragmentation rate.
  • Mandatory quality assurance for semen analysis in German laboratories.

Main Results:

  • Reference values for spermiogram parameters have been evidence-based updated.
  • Assessment criteria for sperm motility and morphology have been revised.
  • Sperm DNA fragmentation rate is now a routine clinical diagnostic marker.
  • Mandatory quality assurance measures, including duplicate testing and inter-laboratory comparisons, are implemented.

Conclusions:

  • Andrological diagnosis has expanded to incorporate lifestyle and metabolic factors.
  • Updated guidelines and novel markers enhance the accuracy of male fertility assessment.
  • Stringent quality assurance protocols ensure reliable semen analysis in clinical practice.