Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers I

Polymerization produces macromolecules with a range of chain lengths due to the random nature of molecular growth processes. As chains form and terminate at different stages, a single polymer sample contains molecules of varying sizes rather than a uniform structure. This variability is described using average molar masses and distribution-related parameters, which together provide a comprehensive understanding of polymer characteristics.The distribution of molar masses plays a critical role in...

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers II

Determination of Molar Masses of Polymers II

Polymer samples typically consist of macromolecular chains with a distribution of lengths, resulting in a range of molar masses rather than a single discrete value. Conventional descriptors such as the number-average molar mass and weight-average molar mass quantify this distribution but do not fully capture polymer behavior in solution..The viscosity-average molar mass provides a more realistic description of polymer behavior in solution because it accounts for the enhanced contribution of...

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

Polymers: Molecular Weight Distribution

For any given polymer, the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is higher than, if not equal to, the number average molecular weight (Mn). The only situation in which the weight average molecular weight and the number average molecular weight are equal is when a polymer consists only of chains with equal molecular weight. However, this never happens in a synthetic polymer, since it is difficult to control the polymerization process up to a molecular level with accuracy to a hundred percent.

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Impact of Surface Coatings on the Photocatalytic Activity and Cytotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocytes: Implications for Sunscreen Safety.

ACS omega·2026

Same author

Turn-on luminescence from molecular rotor realignment in metal-organic framework thin films.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

A fast electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) evidences the presence of nanobubbles in alkaline water splitting.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2025

Same author

Rapid Solidification of Plant Latices from <i>Campanula glomerata</i> Driven by a Sudden Decrease in Hydrostatic Pressure.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Swelling Degree of Polyelectrolyte Layers Determined by an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance.

Biomacromolecules·2025

Same author

Quartz Crystal Microbalance Frequency Response to Discrete Adsorbates in Liquids.

Analytical chemistry·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Correlation between particle deformation kinetics and polymer interdiffusion kinetics in drying latex films.

Katja Pohl¹, Jörg Adams, Diethelm Johannsmann

¹Institute of Physical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology , D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids

|August 21, 2013

Summary

The amount of emulsifier in latex films affects polymer interdiffusion and particle deformation during drying. Higher emulsifier content delays interdiffusion, impacting film formation kinetics.

More Related Videos

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

Published on: April 7, 2017

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

Methods for the Self-integration of Megamolecular Biopolymers on the Drying Air-LC Interface

Published on: April 7, 2017

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels

Published on: September 8, 2016

Area of Science:

Polymer Science
Materials Science
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Latex film formation involves particle deformation and polymer interdiffusion.
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) is a technique to study molecular proximity.
Understanding these processes is crucial for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To correlate particle deformation kinetics with polymer interdiffusion kinetics in drying latex films.
To investigate the influence of emulsifier concentration on the timing of these processes.
To elucidate the mechanisms governing latex film formation.

Main Methods:

Simultaneous measurement of sample turbidity (light scattering) and FRET efficiency.
Quantification of particle deformation via light scattering.
Quantification of polymer interdiffusion using FRET between donor and acceptor molecules on polymer chains.
Latex preparation via miniemulsion polymerization with varying emulsifier concentrations.

Main Results:

Particle deformation kinetics were successfully correlated with polymer interdiffusion kinetics.
Increasing emulsifier concentration delayed the onset of interdiffusion relative to film transparency.
The observed effect is primarily attributed to a particle size effect, not surfactant acting as a transport barrier.

Conclusions:

Emulsifier concentration is a critical factor in controlling the interplay between particle deformation and polymer interdiffusion during latex film formation.
Miniemulsion polymerization offers a route to tune these dynamics by adjusting emulsifier levels.
The findings provide insights into the fundamental mechanisms of colloidal film formation and material property development.