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Related Concept Videos

Sound Waves: Resonance01:14

Sound Waves: Resonance

Resonance is produced depending on the boundary conditions imposed on a wave. Resonance can be produced in a string under tension with symmetrical boundary conditions (i.e., has a node at each end). A node is defined as a fixed point where the string does not move. The symmetrical boundary conditions result in some frequencies resonating and producing standing waves, while other frequencies interfere destructively. Sound waves can resonate in a hollow tube, and the frequencies of the sound...
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble01:13

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
08:19

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Radical production inside an acoustically driven microbubble.

Laura Stricker1, Detlef Lohse

  • 1Physics of Fluids Group, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.

Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
|August 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acoustically driven bubbles produce radicals based on internal temperature and composition. Simulations reveal optimal conditions for radical production in sonochemical applications, particularly with H2 and O2 mixtures.

Keywords:
MicrobubblesRadicalsSonochemistryStoichiometricUltrasoundVapor

More Related Videos

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
14:22

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System
08:19

Induction of Microstreaming by Nonspherical Bubble Oscillations in an Acoustic Levitation System

Published on: May 9, 2021

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation
14:22

Activating Molecules, Ions, and Solid Particles with Acoustic Cavitation

Published on: April 11, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Acoustics
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Radical production in acoustically driven bubbles is crucial for sonochemistry.
  • Bubble dynamics and internal conditions dictate chemical reactions.
  • Understanding these processes is key for optimizing sonochemical reactors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of various parameters on radical production within acoustically driven bubbles.
  • To identify optimal working ranges for technological applications in sonochemistry.
  • To model the chemical transient and exothermal reactions in H2 and O2 mixtures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a validated ordinary differential equations (ODE) model based on boundary layer assumptions for mass and heat transport.
  • Performed simulations varying driving frequency, pressure, liquid temperature, and gas composition.
  • Focused on the initial chemical transient of bubble cavitation oscillations.

Main Results:

  • Radical production is highly dependent on local bubble temperature and composition at collapse.
  • Simulations identified optimal parameters for radical yield.
  • The stoichiometric mixture of H2 and O2 (2:1) yielded the highest internal bubble temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The composition of gas inside bubbles, including water vapor, significantly impacts radical production.
  • The study provides insights into optimizing sonochemical processes for radical generation.
  • Findings are relevant for the design and operation of advanced sonochemical reactors.