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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Eastern equine encephalitis in Latin America.

Jean-Paul Carrera1, Naomi Forrester, Eryu Wang

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Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) outbreaks in Panama affected humans and horses. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed local virus lineages, not new introductions, suggesting ecological or viral changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Arbovirology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses are significant pathogens affecting both human and equine populations in the Americas.
  • An outbreak of neurologic disease in humans and horses was documented in Panama between May and early August 2010.

Observation:

  • During the outbreak, 19 patients were hospitalized with encephalitis, with confirmed cases of EEE, VEE, or co-infection.
  • Clinical manifestations in EEE patients included brain lesions, seizures, and neurological sequelae, with some fatalities.
  • Enhanced surveillance identified an additional 99 suspected or probable alphavirus infections.

Findings:

  • Laboratory analysis confirmed 13 EEE cases, 11 VEE cases, and 1 co-infection in humans.
  • In horses, 50 EEE cases and 8 VEE cases were confirmed, with 11 cases showing mixed etiologies.
  • Phylogenetic analysis of viral isolates indicated that the EEE and VEE viruses belonged to previously identified enzootic lineages within Panama.

Implications:

  • Human cases of EEE in Latin America may be linked to ecological shifts increasing exposure to enzootic cycles.
  • Potential contributing factors include genetic alterations in EEE viral strains enhancing human virulence or changes in host range.
  • Understanding these factors is crucial for predicting and preventing future outbreaks.