Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Challenges in the implementation of EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: A global perspective on the regulation of allergen products.

Allergy·2017
Same author

Effect of achievement motivation and social environment on performance of a motor task.

Journal of motor behavior·2013
Same author

Effect of evaluative others upon learning and performance of a complex motor task.

Journal of motor behavior·2013
Same author

The coding of location.

Journal of motor behavior·2013
Same author

Coaching communication issues with elite female athletes: two Norwegian case studies.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2012
Same author

Organizational and media stress among professional football players: testing an achievement goal theory model.

Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports·2011
Same journal

Expertise Modulates Anticipatory Synergy Adjustments in a Rapid Motor Skill Under Temporal Constraints.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
Same journal

A Boundary of Ideomotor Control: Semantic Labels Bias Selection but Do Not Tune Motor Execution.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
Same journal

Strategies When Choosing Between Movement Options in a Sequential Task.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
Same journal

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Neurofunctional Motor Training in Autistic Children: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled, Double-Blind Clinical Trial.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
Same journal

Individualized Virtual Angle Offset Training for Patients with Stroke.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
Same journal

The Role of Exploratory Procedures in Perceiving Affordances in a Bimanual Wielding Task.

Journal of motor behavior·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

Memory and perceptual trace development in ballistic timing.

S A Wallace1, K L Deoreo, G C Roberts

  • 1a Department of Physical Education , University of Wisconsin.

Journal of Motor Behavior
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Knowledge of results (KR) is crucial for developing strong motor memory and perceptual traces. Withdrawing KR early hinders performance, but sufficient practice allows performance maintenance without KR.

More Related Videos

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis
07:25

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Published on: August 20, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Published on: August 5, 2017

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes
09:27

Eye Movements in Visual Duration Perception: Disentangling Stimulus from Time in Predecisional Processes

Published on: January 19, 2024

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis
07:25

Simultaneous Monitoring of Wireless Electrophysiology and Memory Behavioral Test as a Tool to Study Hippocampal Neurogenesis

Published on: August 20, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Motor Learning
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Performance

Background:

  • Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory posits that motor skill acquisition depends on practice with knowledge of results (KR).
  • The theory suggests performance degrades if KR is removed before memory and perceptual traces are sufficiently developed.
  • Conversely, substantial practice allows for sustained performance even without KR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically test the prediction that early withdrawal of knowledge of results (KR) negatively impacts motor performance.
  • To investigate the relationship between the amount of KR practice and the strength of memory and perceptual traces.

Main Methods:

  • Three independent groups performed a motor task (24.13-cm movement in 150 msec) with varying amounts of KR trials.
  • Knowledge of results (KR) was withdrawn early in the practice for all groups.
  • Performance was assessed using mean absolute error and mean absolute estimated error to reflect memory and perceptual trace capabilities.

Main Results:

  • The amount of KR practice directly influenced the development of memory and perceptual traces.
  • Performance degradation was observed when KR was withdrawn early, confirming the first prediction of closed-loop theory.
  • Despite early KR withdrawal, memory and perceptual traces remained relatively robust after sufficient practice.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support Adams' (1971) closed-loop theory regarding the role of KR in motor learning.
  • Adequate practice with KR is essential for establishing stable memory and perceptual traces.
  • Motor performance can be maintained in the absence of KR, provided sufficient prior practice has occurred.