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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

[The measles are here again].

Wim Opstelten1, W L M Ruijs, Adilia Warris

  • 1Nederlands Huisartsen Genootschap, Utrecht.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Measles incidence decreased since 1976 vaccination program. However, unvaccinated groups face risks, necessitating early measles vaccination for children in low-coverage areas.

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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
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Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice

Published on: September 19, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The National Immunisation Programme in the Netherlands began measles vaccination in 1976, significantly reducing disease incidence.
  • Measles outbreaks persist, primarily affecting unvaccinated communities, often due to religious objections to vaccination.

Observation:

  • A measles epidemic is ongoing in the Netherlands, spreading within unvaccinated populations.
  • Case studies include an uncomplicated measles infection in a 10-year-old and measles-induced encephalitis in a 9-year-old, both unvaccinated.

Findings:

  • Children are vulnerable to measles between waning maternal antibodies and primary vaccination, especially when herd immunity is insufficient.
  • Low vaccination coverage (<90%) increases the risk of measles transmission in local epidemics.

Implications:

  • An accelerated vaccination schedule (extra dose <12 months or early dose 12-14 months) is recommended for infants in low-vaccination areas during the current epidemic.
  • Targeted vaccination strategies are crucial for controlling measles outbreaks in vulnerable populations.
  • Maintaining high vaccination coverage is essential for preventing widespread measles transmission and protecting public health.