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Related Concept Videos

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary or...
Functional Classification of Joints01:09

Functional Classification of Joints

Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses  or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An immobile...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
07:43

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Multi-pelvis characterisation of articular cartilage geometry.

Faye C Gillard1, Alexander S Dickinson, Urs Schneider

  • 1Bioengineering Science Research Group, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Part H, Journal of Engineering in Medicine
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The human acetabulum is non-spherical, with its shape potentially indicating complex hip joint motion. This finding suggests a need to update traditional hip replacement designs for better biomechanical compliance.

Keywords:
Hip anatomyacetabular morphologyellipsoidimplant designsphericity

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Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
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Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Published on: October 28, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy
07:43

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Published on: July 2, 2021

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants
08:06

Addressing Practical Issues in Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Micro-Indentation on Human Articular Cartilage Explants

Published on: October 28, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic biomechanics
  • Human anatomy
  • Medical device design

Background:

  • Acetabular cartilage shape influences joint contact stress.
  • Understanding acetabular geometry is crucial for developing compliant acetabular cup devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the three-dimensional geometry of the acetabular cartilage.
  • To test the hypothesis that the acetabulum is non-spherical.
  • To inform the design of next-generation hip implants.

Main Methods:

  • Plaster molds of 24 human pelves were created.
  • Molds were digitized using a 3D laser scanner.
  • Acetabular geometry was analyzed by fitting spheres and ellipsoids.

Main Results:

  • Ellipsoidal fits showed significantly larger z-radii, confirming a non-spherical acetabulum.
  • Acetabular notch edges were curved; male notches were deeper, wider, and shorter than female notches (not statistically significant).

Conclusions:

  • The non-spherical acetabular shape suggests complex hip joint kinematics beyond simple rotation.
  • Traditional ball-and-socket hip replacements may require updates to accommodate this complex motion.
  • Non-gender-specific models are supported for anatomical studies of the acetabulum.