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Related Concept Videos

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Biolistic Transformation of a Fluorescent Tagged Gene into the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
07:32

Biolistic Transformation of a Fluorescent Tagged Gene into the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: March 19, 2015

Introns regulate gene expression in Cryptococcus neoformans in a Pab2p dependent pathway.

Carolin Goebels1, Aline Thonn, Sara Gonzalez-Hilarion

  • 1Institut Pasteur, Unité des Aspergillus, Département Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France.

Plos Genetics
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Introns significantly impact Cryptococcus neoformans gene expression, with their removal reducing mRNA levels. The nuclear poly(A) binding protein Pab2 and nucleases Rrp44p and Xrn2p are key regulators of this intron-dependent process.

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ACT1-CUP1 Assays Determine the Substrate-Specific Sensitivities of Spliceosomal Mutants in Budding Yeast
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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Biolistic Transformation of a Fluorescent Tagged Gene into the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans
07:32

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Published on: March 19, 2015

ACT1-CUP1 Assays Determine the Substrate-Specific Sensitivities of Spliceosomal Mutants in Budding Yeast
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In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Mycology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans frequently features introns in its genes, with alternative splicing being common.
  • The functional significance of introns in C. neoformans gene expression remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of introns in C. neoformans gene expression.
  • To identify regulatory factors involved in intron-dependent gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of intron-containing and intronless gene alleles.
  • Genetic screening for mutants affecting intronless gene expression.
  • Analysis of mRNA accumulation in wild-type and mutant strains.
  • Investigating the roles of specific proteins (Pab2, Rrp44p, Xrn2p, Rrp6, Cid14) in gene expression.

Main Results:

  • Elimination of introns generally reduces mRNA accumulation for most C. neoformans genes.
  • The quantity and location of introns cumulatively influence gene expression levels.
  • The nuclear poly(A) binding protein Pab2 modulates intron-dependent gene expression; PAB2 deletion partially restored intronless mRNA levels.
  • Essential nucleases Rrp44p and Xrn2p are involved in degrading mRNA from intronless alleles.
  • Pab2p and Xrn2p may function in a shared pathway, while Rrp44p acts independently.
  • Deletion of RRP6 or CID14 did not affect intronless allele expression.

Conclusions:

  • Introns play a crucial, positive regulatory role in C. neoformans gene expression.
  • Nuclear poly(A) binding protein Pab2 and nucleases Rrp44p and Xrn2p are key players in managing intron-dependent gene expression and mRNA stability.
  • The findings reveal novel insights into the complex mechanisms governing gene expression in this important fungal pathogen.