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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

Conservation of Protein Domains

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

Published on: May 9, 2011

Genome compression: a novel approach for large collections.

Sebastian Deorowicz¹, Agnieszka Danek, Szymon Grabowski

¹Institute of Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland and Computer Engineering Department, Technical University of Łódź, Al. Politechniki 11, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.

Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)

|August 24, 2013

Summary

This study introduces a novel compression algorithm for multiple genomes, achieving significantly higher compression ratios than existing methods. It efficiently compresses human genomes to approximately 400 KB by exploiting cross-collection similarities.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Genomic MRI - a Public Resource for Studying Sequence Patterns within Genomic DNA

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Published on: May 9, 2011

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Capturing Chromosome Conformation Across Length Scales

Capturing Chromosome Conformation Across Length Scales

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Bioinformatics
Computational Biology
Genomics

Background:

Genomic data repositories are expanding rapidly, necessitating efficient data compression techniques.
Traditional compression algorithms face memory limitations when handling large-scale genomic data.
Exploiting redundancy in human genome sequences presents a significant computational challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel compression algorithm for multiple genomes.
To improve compression ratios compared to existing methods.
To reduce the storage requirements for large genomic datasets.

Main Methods:

Developed a Ziv-Lempel-style compression algorithm.
Utilized variant call format (VCF) files, focusing on essential fields.
Applied the algorithm to large collections of human and plant genomes.

Main Results:

Achieved several times higher compression ratios than previously reported best results.
Successfully compressed a single human genome to approximately 400 KB.
Demonstrated superior performance on collections of 1092 human and 775 plant genomes.

Conclusions:

The novel algorithm effectively exploits similarities across entire genome collections for superior compression.
This approach overcomes the limitations of reference-based compression methods.
The method offers a significant advancement in genomic data compression and management.