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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview01:30

Electrogravimetric Analysis: Overview

Electrogravimetric analysis measures the weight of an analyte deposited electrolytically onto a suitable working electrode. This method involves applying a potential to a pre-weighed electrode submerged in a solution, which results in the desired substance being deposited through reduction at the cathode or oxidation at the anode. The electrode's weight is recorded after deposition, and the difference in weight gives the analyte's weight in the solution.
To test the completeness of the...
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current passing...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors
09:15

Iridium Oxide-reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrid Thin Film Modified Screen-printed Electrodes as Disposable Electrochemical Paper Microfluidic pH Sensors

Published on: November 22, 2016

Paper-based electroanalytical devices with an integrated, stable reference electrode.

Wen-Jie Lan1, E Jane Maxwell, Claudio Parolo

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. gwhitesides@gmwgroup.harvard.edu.

Lab on a Chip
|August 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a referenced Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Device (rEPAD). This portable, low-cost device offers accurate, referenced voltammetric measurements for potential disposable applications.

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Published on: September 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Devices (EPADs) offer portable sensing solutions.
  • Accurate referenced measurements are crucial for reliable electrochemical analysis.
  • Integration of reference electrodes into paper-based devices presents fabrication challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel referenced Electrochemical Paper-based Analytical Device (rEPAD).
  • To demonstrate the rEPAD's capability for direct and accurate voltammetric measurements.
  • To assess the rEPAD's performance against commercial electrochemical cells.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of an rEPAD with distinct sample, reference, and microfluidic zones.
  • Integration of a reference electrode with a constant potential.
  • Voltammetric analysis using the developed rEPAD system.

Main Results:

  • The rEPAD provides direct and accurate referenced voltammetric measurements.
  • Performance is comparable to commercial electrochemical cells.
  • The device design facilitates multiplexed analysis and pipette-free sampling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rEPAD is a simple, cost-effective system for accurate electrochemical analysis.
  • Its design is suitable for disposable applications and integration into larger analytical systems.
  • This technology advances portable electrochemical sensing capabilities.