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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Freeze-out parameters: lattice meets experiment.

S Borsányi¹, Z Fodor, S D Katz

¹Department of Physics, Wuppertal University, Gaußstraße 20, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany.

Physical Review Letters

|August 27, 2013

Summary

We calculated higher-order electric charge fluctuations in a 2+1 quark flavor system. Comparing these results with STAR collaboration data allows for first-principles determination of freeze-out temperature and chemical potential.

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Area of Science:

High Energy Physics
Quantum Chromodynamics
Statistical Mechanics

Background:

Understanding the properties of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) is crucial for nuclear physics.
Higher-order fluctuations provide sensitive probes of the QGP phase transition.
Lattice QCD calculations offer a first-principles approach to studying these properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To calculate ratios of higher-order fluctuations of electric charge and baryon number as functions of temperature.
To compare theoretical results with experimental data from the STAR collaboration.
To determine freeze-out parameters (temperature and chemical potential) from first principles.

Main Methods:

Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics (LQCD) simulations with 2+1 quark flavors at physical quark masses.
Continuum extrapolation of calculated fluctuation ratios.
Comparison of theoretical predictions with experimental data on net electric charge moments.

Main Results:

Continuum-extrapolated results for ratios of higher-order electric charge fluctuations are presented.
Comparison with preliminary STAR data on net electric charge distribution moments is performed.
Theoretical framework is established for determining freeze-out parameters.

Conclusions:

The study enables the determination of freeze-out temperature and chemical potential from first principles.
Future comparisons with experimental data on baryon number fluctuations will test the consistency of the approach.
This work provides a pathway for independent extraction of freeze-out parameters.