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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies01:27

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
Medical History

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
07:44

A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism

Published on: September 6, 2024

Are all pulmonary embolism clinical decision rules equal?

Patrick T Fok, Robert Primavesi

    CJEM
    |August 27, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary

    Four clinical decision rules combined with D-dimer tests can effectively rule out pulmonary embolism. This study compared the Wells rule, revised Geneva score, and their simplified versions for diagnosing pulmonary embolism.

    Area of Science:

    • Emergency Medicine
    • Diagnostic Accuracy
    • Cardiopulmonary Disease

    Background:

    • Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a potentially fatal condition.
    • Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical assessment and diagnostic tests.
    • Clinical decision rules (CDRs) combined with D-dimer testing are used to exclude PE.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the performance of four CDRs in excluding acute pulmonary embolism.
    • To evaluate the Wells rule, revised Geneva score, simplified Wells rule, and simplified revised Geneva score when used with D-dimer testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Prospective cohort study.
    • Evaluated four clinical decision rules: Wells rule, revised Geneva score, simplified Wells rule, and simplified revised Geneva score.
    • All patients underwent D-dimer testing in conjunction with the CDRs.

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    Establishment of a Minimally Invasive Rat Model of Pulmonary Embolism Using Autologous Blood Clots
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    Published on: October 25, 2024

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    Last Updated: May 8, 2026

    A Porcine Model of Acute Autologous Pulmonary Embolism
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    Establishment of a Minimally Invasive Rat Model of Pulmonary Embolism Using Autologous Blood Clots
    08:02

    Establishment of a Minimally Invasive Rat Model of Pulmonary Embolism Using Autologous Blood Clots

    Published on: October 25, 2024

    Main Results:

    • All four clinical decision rules, when combined with a normal D-dimer result, demonstrated a high ability to exclude pulmonary embolism.
    • No significant differences were observed in the performance of the four rules in ruling out PE.

    Conclusions:

    • The combination of common clinical decision rules and normal D-dimer results is effective in excluding pulmonary embolism.
    • The choice between these specific rules may not significantly impact diagnostic accuracy for PE exclusion.