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Related Concept Videos

Cryo-electron Microscopy01:28

Cryo-electron Microscopy

Conventional electron microscopy (EM) involves dehydration, fixation, and staining of biological samples, which distorts the native state of biological molecules and results in several artifacts. Also, the high-energy electron beam damages the sample and makes it difficult to obtain high-resolution images. These issues can be addressed using cryo-EM, which uses frozen samples and gentler electron beams. The technique was developed by Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson, for...
Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature from...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS): Overview

In inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP–MS), an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch is used as an atomizer and ionizer. Solid samples are dissolved and volatilized before being introduced into the high-temperature argon plasma, while solution samples are nebulized and passed through the high-temperature argon plasma. Plasma dissociates the analytes and ionizes their component atoms to form a mixture of positive ions and molecular species. The positive ions are then passed on to...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability
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Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability

Published on: September 1, 2020

Cryogenic ion chemistry and spectroscopy.

Arron B Wolk1, Christopher M Leavitt, Etienne Garand

  • 1Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University , P. O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States.

Accounts of Chemical Research
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cryogenic cooling and mass spectrometry enable detailed characterization of ion structures and synthesis of reaction intermediates. This powerful technique provides insights into biomolecular interactions and atmospheric chemistry.

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Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Nanoscale Characterization of Liquid-Solid Interfaces by Coupling Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Milling with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Spectroscopy

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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Cryogenic Sample Loading into a Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer that Preserves Cellular Viability
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Published on: September 1, 2020

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11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Mass spectrometry is crucial for macromolecular analysis, enabling protein structure identification.
  • John Fenn's Nobel Prize-winning work revolutionized mass spectrometry for large molecules.
  • Proteomics relies on mass spectrometry for rapid biopolymer sequencing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a powerful method combining cryogenic cooling, mass selection, and reactive processing for ion structure characterization.
  • To demonstrate the synthesis and characterization of labile reaction intermediates.
  • To showcase applications in biomolecular analysis and atmospheric chemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Ions are cooled to ~10 K and condensed with inert molecules or rare gas atoms.
  • Photoinduced mass loss and infrared laser spectroscopy acquire vibrational action spectra.
  • A hybrid photofragmentation mass spectrometer with cryogenic ion source and dual mass selection is utilized.

Main Results:

  • Site-specific isotopic substitution identified functional groups in a peptide catalyst.
  • Photochemical hole-burning resolved conformers of a dipeptide.
  • Reaction intermediates in ionosphere chemistry, like the conversion of NO+ to HONO, were captured and characterized.

Conclusions:

  • Cryogenic ion spectroscopy provides a universal method for acquiring highly resolved vibrational spectra.
  • The technique reveals structural details of biomolecules and catalytic mechanisms.
  • It offers insights into atmospheric reaction pathways, highlighting the role of water solvation shells.