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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Maternal anesthesia for fetal surgery.

Hans P Sviggum¹, Bhavani Shankar Kodali

¹Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA. sviggum.hans@mayo.edu

Clinics in Perinatology

|August 27, 2013

Summary

This article details anesthetic management for pregnant patients undergoing fetal surgery. It covers general principles and specific techniques for open, minimally invasive fetal surgery, and ex utero intrapartum therapy (EXIT) procedures.

Keywords:

EXIT procedure Fetal anesthesia Fetal surgery Obstetric anesthesia

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Surgical Innovation

Background:

Fetal surgery is a rapidly advancing field requiring specialized anesthetic care.
Managing anesthesia in pregnant patients presents unique physiological challenges.
Complex fetal interventions necessitate tailored anesthetic protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

To outline anesthetic management strategies for pregnant women undergoing fetal surgery.
To discuss principles applicable to various fetal surgical approaches.
To highlight specific considerations for open, minimally invasive, and EXIT procedures.

Main Methods:

Review of anesthetic techniques for fetal surgery.
Discussion of physiological adaptations during pregnancy.
Analysis of safety profiles for different surgical modalities.

Main Results:

Established general anesthetic principles for fetal surgery.
Detailed specific anesthetic considerations for open fetal surgery.
Outlined anesthetic management for minimally invasive fetal surgery and EXIT procedures.

Conclusions:

Anesthetic management for fetal surgery requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Tailored anesthetic plans are crucial for maternal and fetal well-being.
Advances in fetal surgery necessitate ongoing refinement of anesthetic protocols.