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Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathway

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The gene encoding the main signaling molecules of the Wnt signaling pathways (the Wnt proteins) was discovered almost four decades ago by Nüsslein-Volhard and Wieschaus. They identified and originally named the gene "wingless" (wg) after a phenotype discovered during their landmark genetic screen in Drosophila for body pattern defects. At around the same time, another researcher named Harold Varmus found that a murine tumor virus activates the mammalian wg homolog, Int-1, which results in tumor...

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.

Notch Signaling Pathway

Notch Signaling Pathway

The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Published on: November 29, 2016

TORC2 signaling antagonizes SKN-1 to induce C. elegans mesendodermal embryonic development.

Vanessa Ruf¹, Christina Holzem, Tobias Peyman

¹Department of Medicine, Renal Division, University Hospital Freiburg, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany.

Developmental Biology

|August 27, 2013

Summary

The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) and SGK-1 kinase antagonize SKN-1 during embryonic development. Inactivating rict-1/Rictor rescued SKN-1-deficient embryos, restoring mesendodermal development.

Keywords:

C. elegans Development RICTOR SGK-1 SKN-1 TOR signaling

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Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

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Modeling Paracrine Noncanonical Wnt Signaling In Vitro

Modeling Paracrine Noncanonical Wnt Signaling In Vitro

Published on: December 10, 2021

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is a conserved regulator of cell growth and metabolism.
TOR functions in two complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, with TORC2 and Rictor recently linked to aging and metabolism.
SKN-1 is a transcription factor crucial for mesendoderm development, cellular homeostasis, and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of rict-1/Rictor, a component of TORC2, in embryonic development.
To determine if TORC2 regulates the function of the transcription factor SKN-1 during embryogenesis.

Main Methods:

Genetic inactivation of rict-1 and other TOR components in C. elegans.
Analysis of mesendodermal specification in SKN-1 deficient embryos.
Investigating the downstream effects of rict-1/TORC2 using SGK-1 gain-of-function mutants.

Main Results:

Genetic inactivation of rict-1/Rictor suppressed lethality in SKN-1 deficient embryos.
This suppression was associated with restored mesendodermal precursor specification, leading to intestine and pharynx formation.
Inactivation of other TORC2 components, but not TORC1, also partially rescued SKN-1 embryonic lethality.
The SGK-1 kinase was identified as a downstream mediator of rict-1/TORC2 function.

Conclusions:

TORC2, acting through Rictor and SGK-1, antagonizes SKN-1 during C. elegans embryonic development.
This pathway is critical for proper mesendodermal specification and embryonic viability.
The findings reveal a novel regulatory interaction between TORC2 and SKN-1 in controlling developmental processes.