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Retinoids induce stem cell differentiation via epigenetic changes.

Lorraine J Gudas1

  • 1Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retinoids, active forms of Vitamin A, regulate stem cell differentiation by altering the epigenome. Understanding these epigenetic changes is crucial for insights into cancer development.

Keywords:
5-hydroxymethylcytosine5-methylcytosine5hmC5mCCARMDNA methylationDNA methyltransferaseDNMTDifferentiationESHistone methylationMLLPRCPolycomb group-repressive complexPolycomb/PRCRARARRARERetinoic acidReviewall-trans retinoic acidco-activator associated arginine methyltransferase 1embryonic stemmiRNAmicro RNAmixed lineage leukemiaretinoic acid DNA response elementretinoic acid receptor

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Retinoids, including all-trans retinoic acid (RA), are crucial for organism formation.
  • RA influences stem cell differentiation through epigenetic modulation.
  • Stem cell differentiation is a complex process involving epigenetic reprogramming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of retinoids in stem cell differentiation via epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To understand how retinoic acid receptors (RARs) interact with transcription complexes.
  • To investigate the specific epigenetic marks and molecules involved in retinoid-dependent differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of retinoid effects on stem cell epigenomes.
  • Investigating interactions between RARs and transcription complex components.
  • Studying the roles of H3K27me3 marks and DNA methylation in differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Retinoids, particularly RA, modulate gene expression in stem cells by altering epigenetic marks.
  • Specific epigenetic mechanisms, including H3K27me3 and DNA methylation, control differentiation stages.
  • Key molecules like tet1, PRCs, miRNAs, DNMTs, and telomerase are involved in creating stable epigenetic changes.

Conclusions:

  • Retinoid signaling is a key regulator of stem cell differentiation through epigenetic modifications.
  • Understanding these processes offers insights into the failure of differentiated states in cancer.
  • Further research into retinoid-dependent epigenetics may reveal new therapeutic targets for neoplastic diseases.