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Related Concept Videos

Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Proteoglycans01:05

Proteoglycans

Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
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Glycosaminoglycans01:23

Glycosaminoglycans

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Hyaluronic...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics
11:36

Glycan Node Analysis: A Bottom-up Approach to Glycomics

Published on: May 22, 2016

Counting glycans revisited.

Sebastian Böcker1, Stephan Wagner

  • 1Lehrstuhl für Bioinformatik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Ernst-Abbe-Platz 2, Jena, Germany, sebastian.boecker@uni-jena.de.

Journal of Mathematical Biology
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new algorithm for counting glycan topologies and related tree structures, significantly improving computational efficiency. This method also enhances the speed of counting alkanes and provides insights into asymptotic growth. Keywords: glycan topology, algorithm, tree counting, computational efficiency, asymptotic growth.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Computational chemistry and combinatorics
  • Glycoscience and carbohydrate chemistry

Background:

  • Accurate enumeration of complex molecular structures like glycans is crucial for understanding biological functions.
  • Existing algorithms for counting glycan topologies and related tree structures face limitations in time and space complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, more efficient algorithm for counting glycan topologies.
  • To generalize the algorithm for counting various types of labeled and unlabeled trees.
  • To provide methods for estimating asymptotic growth and constants for specific tree types.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel algorithm for enumerating glycan topologies (order n).
  • Generalization to counting d-ary trees with vertex labels or masses.
  • Application of enumeration theory for bond-type labeled edges in glycan structures.
  • Analysis of asymptotic growth using derived formulas and constants.

Main Results:

  • The new algorithm improves time and space complexity by a factor of n for counting glycan topologies.
  • The method is generalized for counting various rooted/unrooted d-ary trees.
  • Asymptotic growth estimation formulas and constants for d-ary trees and labeled quaternary trees are provided.
  • Improved time bounds for counting alkanes and glycan structures with labeled edges.

Conclusions:

  • The presented algorithm offers a significant advancement in the computational enumeration of glycan topologies and related combinatorial structures.
  • The findings provide valuable tools for researchers in glycoscience and computational chemistry.
  • The method's applicability extends to other areas of chemistry, such as alkane enumeration.