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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations01:19

One-Compartment Open Model for IV Bolus Administration: General Considerations

The one-compartment model is a pharmacokinetic tool that models the body as a single, uniform compartment, facilitating the understanding of drug distribution and elimination. This model is particularly beneficial for intravenous (IV) bolus administration, where the drug rapidly circulates throughout the body.
The drug's presence in the body is defined by an equation representing the difference between the rates of drug entry and exit. Key parameters—elimination rate constant, half-life,...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses01:25

Determination of Multiple Dosing Parameters: Loading and Maintenance Doses

A loading dose is an essential pharmacological strategy to rapidly achieve the target plasma drug concentration necessary for an immediate therapeutic effect. This approach is especially critical for drugs characterized by slow absorption or extended half-lives, where delaying therapeutic plasma levels could compromise treatment outcomes. By administering a loading dose, clinicians ensure a prompt onset of drug action, even for agents with complex pharmacokinetic profiles.Achieving steady-state...
IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods01:28

IV Infusion to Oral Dosing: Conversion Methods

The development of extended-release formulations has facilitated the transition from intravenous to oral medication, offering a more convenient and patient-friendly approach to drug administration. This transition, however, requires careful management to ensure that therapeutic drug levels are maintained, preserving efficacy and avoiding adverse effects. Understanding pharmacokinetic principles and dosage calculations is critical during this process.Pharmacokinetics of the...

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Surgical Angiogenesis in Porcine Tibial Allotransplantation: A New Large Animal Bone Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Model
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Compounding for veterinary medicine.

Shannon W Fields1

  • 1Innovative Pharmacy Solutions, Edmond, Oklahoma.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Compounding medications for veterinary patients presents unique challenges compared to humans, as animals cannot verbally express medication preferences or discomfort. Veterinary pharmacists require significant creativity to ensure effective drug delivery and compliance in animal patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pharmacy
  • Pharmaceutical Compounding
  • Animal Health

Background:

  • Medication compliance is difficult in humans, but more so in animals.
  • Unlike humans, animals cannot communicate preferences or discomfort with medications.
  • Veterinary patients rely on behavioral cues to indicate tolerance or issues with drug forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the challenges faced by veterinary compounding pharmacists.
  • To highlight the ingenuity required for veterinary medication formulation.
  • To discuss strategies for improving medication compliance in animals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of challenges in veterinary compounding.
  • Analysis of animal behavioral responses to dosage forms.
  • Case report illustrating compounding solutions.

Main Results:

  • Veterinary compounding requires adapting dosage forms for non-verbal patients.
  • Pharmacists must interpret animal behavior to assess medication acceptance.
  • Creative formulation is essential for successful veterinary drug delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Veterinary compounding demands specialized skills beyond human pharmacy.
  • Understanding animal behavior is critical for effective pharmaceutical care.
  • Innovation in dosage form design is key to veterinary medication success.