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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

Xenotransplantation of Human Stem Cells into the Chicken Embryo

Published on: July 11, 2010

Chicken embryonic stem cells: establishment and characterization.

Pauline Aubel¹, Bertrand Pain

¹Inserm, U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Bron, France.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|August 27, 2013

Summary

Researchers developed protocols for chicken embryonic stem (cES) cells, enabling genetic modification and creating chimeric animals. This advances avian developmental biology research.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2

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Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Alternative Cultures for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Production, Maintenance, and Genetic Analysis

Published on: July 24, 2014

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Stem Cell Research
Avian Biology

Background:

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are crucial for studying early development and differentiation.
While found in mammals, avian ES cells offer unique research avenues.
Chicken embryonic stem (cES) cells provide a valuable model for avian developmental studies.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish comprehensive protocols for chicken embryonic stem (cES) cells.
To enable genetic modification and differentiation of cES cells.
To generate chimeric animals using cES cells for developmental research.

Main Methods:

Isolation and maintenance of cES cells.
Genetic modification techniques applied to cES cells.
In vitro differentiation and in ovo injection into chicken embryos.

Main Results:

Successful isolation and sustained culture of cES cells.
Demonstrated genetic modification capabilities of cES cells.
Generation of chimeric chicken embryos and animals.

Conclusions:

Established protocols facilitate the use of cES cells in avian research.
cES cells are a powerful tool for studying avian development and genetics.
This work opens new possibilities for generating genetically modified birds.