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Related Concept Videos

Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Investigation of Disease Outbreaks01:23

Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
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Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

Tracing the SARS-coronavirus.

Paul K S Chan1, Martin C W Chan

  • 1Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Thoracic Disease
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Coronaviruses endemic in humans cause mild illness, while emerging SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV cause severe disease. Research suggests bat coronaviruses evolve into human strains, possibly via intermediate hosts like civets, necessitating ongoing surveillance.

Keywords:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)animal reservoircoronaviruses (CoV)evolution

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Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV
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Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV

Published on: November 10, 2023

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs
07:13

Swabbing the Urban Environment - A Pipeline for Sampling and Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Environmental Reservoirs

Published on: April 9, 2021

Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV
03:53

Development of Multiplex Real-Time RT-qPCR Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Influenza A/B, and MERS-CoV

Published on: November 10, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Zoonotic Diseases
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a diverse viral family, with some causing mild human respiratory illness (e.g., HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43) and others emerging as severe threats (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV).
  • Viral evolution, driven by mutation and recombination, facilitates the emergence of novel CoV strains.
  • Human CoVs are understood to originate from bat CoVs, highlighting the importance of zoonotic origins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolutionary origins and transmission dynamics of human coronaviruses.
  • To highlight the role of intermediate hosts in the cross-species transmission of severe CoVs.
  • To emphasize the need for continued research and surveillance of emerging coronaviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on coronavirus evolution and epidemiology.
  • Analysis of genetic relationships between bat, intermediate, and human coronaviruses.
  • Examination of epidemiological data surrounding SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks.

Main Results:

  • Identified four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-HKU1) causing mild illness.
  • Highlighted SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV as emerging viruses causing severe respiratory syndromes.
  • Found evidence suggesting bat coronaviruses as the ultimate origin, with potential intermediate hosts (e.g., civets, raccoon dogs) involved in transmission to humans.
  • Indicated that identified intermediate hosts may be transient rather than persistent reservoirs.

Conclusions:

  • Intermediate hosts likely play a crucial role in the emergence and cross-species transmission of novel human coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
  • Further research is essential to fully understand the complex ecology and evolutionary pathways of coronaviruses.
  • Maintaining vigilance and surveillance systems is critical for the early detection of newly emerging coronaviruses.