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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment01:30

Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment

Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:

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Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
09:12

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Published on: January 17, 2014

Streptococcus pneumoniae infection: a Canadian perspective.

Xianding Deng1, Deirdre Church, Otto G Vanderkooi

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto Public Health Ontario, 81 Resources Road, M9P 3T1, Toronto, ON, Canada. drpillai@ucalgary.ca

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have reduced disease from vaccine-type Streptococcus pneumoniae in Canada. However, non-vaccine serotypes are increasing, necessitating ongoing surveillance and new vaccine strategies.

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Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
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Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43
06:06

Constructing Mutants in Serotype 1 Streptococcus pneumoniae strain 519/43

Published on: September 11, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae causes significant global morbidity and mortality.
  • Invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) like pneumonia and meningitis are major concerns in Canada.
  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) have decreased vaccine-serotype IPD in Canadian children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) in Canada over recent decades.
  • To analyze serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • To assess the impact of PCVs on IPD, carriage, and resistance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on invasive pneumococcal diseases in Canada.
  • Analysis of serotype surveillance data.
  • Examination of antibiotic resistance trends.
  • Evaluation of PCV impact on disease incidence and carriage.

Main Results:

  • PCVs have successfully reduced IPD caused by vaccine-type Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • A concerning rise in non-vaccine serotypes is observed in carriage and infections.
  • Shifts in antibiotic resistance patterns associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae are evident.
  • Historical outbreaks of Streptococcus pneumoniae and their public health impact were examined.

Conclusions:

  • While PCVs are effective, the emergence of non-vaccine serotypes poses a significant challenge.
  • Continuous monitoring of serotype and resistance trends is crucial for public health.
  • New vaccine strategies, including universal protein vaccines, show promise for future control of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.