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Related Concept Videos

Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
12:17

The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo

Published on: August 2, 2017

Fetal blood sampling.

1, Stanley M Berry, Joanne Stone

  • 1Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oakland University, William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, MI, USA.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fetal blood sampling (FBS) offers direct fetal circulation access for diagnosing anemia or thrombocytopenia. It is recommended when invasive testing is necessary, but less invasive options should be considered first.

Keywords:
cordocentesisfetal blood samplingindicationspercutaneous umbilical cord blood samplingriskstechnical aspects

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Area of Science:

  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Fetal Diagnostics
  • Interventional Obstetrics

Background:

  • Fetal blood sampling (FBS) provides direct access to fetal circulation.
  • Accurate diagnosis of fetal conditions is crucial for optimal pregnancy outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the indications, technical aspects, risks, and recommendations for fetal blood sampling (FBS).
  • To provide evidence-based guidance on the appropriate use of FBS in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of literature from 1966 to July 2012 using multiple databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library).
  • Inclusion of original research, particularly randomized controlled trials, review articles, and guidelines.
  • Application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology for evidence quality and recommendation strength.

Main Results:

  • FBS is the procedure of choice for suspected severe fetal anemia or thrombocytopenia, enabling immediate transfusion.
  • High success rate for FBS, with sample acquisition in over 98% of patients.
  • Potential risks include bleeding (20-30%), fetal bradycardia (5-10%), pregnancy loss (≥1.3%), and vertical transmission of infections.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrasound-guided FBS is recommended for specific invasive testing indications like severe fetal anemia or thrombocytopenia.
  • Avoid FBS when less invasive, lower-risk alternatives are available.
  • Recommend FBS be performed by experienced operators at specialized centers, with comprehensive pre-procedure counseling on risks.