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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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Using X-ray Crystallography, Biophysics, and Functional Assays to Determine the Mechanisms Governing T-cell Receptor Recognition of Cancer Antigens
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T cell recognition of beryllium.

Shaodong Dai1, Michael T Falta, Natalie A Bowerman

  • 1Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic factors influence chronic beryllium disease (CBD), a lung disorder from beryllium hypersensitivity. Researchers identified a specific pocket in HLA-DP2 that binds beryllium, potentially explaining disease development and autoimmunity.

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Identification of Rare Antigen-Specific T Cells from Mouse Lungs with Peptide:Major Histocompatibility Complex Tetramers

Published on: July 19, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Pulmonology

Background:

  • Chronic beryllium disease (CBD) is a granulomatous lung disorder.
  • It results from hypersensitivity to beryllium, marked by beryllium-specific CD4(+) T cells in the lung.
  • Genetic susceptibility is linked to HLA-DP alleles with βGlu69.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural basis of beryllium binding in HLA-DP2.
  • To understand the role of specific peptides in T cell activation in CBD.
  • To explore the potential overlap between hypersensitivity and autoimmunity in CBD.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of HLA-DP2.
  • Identification and characterization of mimotopes and endogenous self-peptides.
  • Analysis of T cell receptor (TCR) ligand interactions.

Main Results:

  • The structure of HLA-DP2 revealed a unique, solvent-exposed acidic pocket containing βGlu69.
  • This pocket is identified as the putative beryllium-binding site.
  • Specific peptides were found to coordinate metal ions and form altered self-peptides.

Conclusions:

  • The βGlu69-containing HLA-DP2 molecule has a distinct beryllium-binding site.
  • These findings suggest a mechanism for beryllium-specific T cell activation.
  • The study blurs the lines between hypersensitivity and autoimmunity in CBD pathogenesis.