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Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

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Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
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Three primary contributing factors have been identified.

Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
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Suctioning the Oropharyngeal Airway

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In preparing for oropharyngeal airway suctioning, a nurse must gather all necessary equipment, including a suction unit with tubing, a prepackaged suction kit, sterile gloves, water or saline for irrigation, a water-soluble lubricant, and additional personal protective equipment (such as a gown, mask, and goggles) to control infections.
After assembling the equipment, the nurse should practice hand hygiene and don appropriate PPE according to infection control guidelines to avoid the...

Suctioning the Nasopharyngeal Airway

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Nasopharyngeal suctioning is a procedure to remove secretions from the upper part of the respiratory tract that the patient cannot clear independently. It helps maintain airway patency and prevents complications such as aspiration pneumonia.
Equipment Required

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Updated: May 8, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

CO₂-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

Indications of pediatric tonsillectomy.

Claudine Gysin¹

¹Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. claudine.gysin@kispi.uzh.ch

ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties

|August 28, 2013

Summary

Tonsillectomy is effective for sleep apnea confirmed by polysomnography, improving symptoms in 80% of children. Its benefit for recurrent tonsillitis is limited to cases with frequent, long-standing infections.

Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Pediatric Sleep Medicine
Infectious Disease

Background:

Tonsillectomy indications have shifted from infectious causes to obstructive sleep-related breathing disorders.
Diagnosing pediatric sleep apnea often requires polysomnography (PSG), which can be challenging for young children.
The efficacy of tonsillectomy for sleep-related breathing disorders diagnosed without PSG remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current indications for tonsillectomy.
To evaluate the efficacy of tonsillectomy for specific conditions, particularly sleep apnea and recurrent tonsillitis.
To discuss diagnostic challenges and treatment effectiveness.

Main Methods:

Literature review of tonsillectomy indications and outcomes.

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Analysis of studies on tonsillectomy for sleep apnea, recurrent tonsillitis, and PFAPA.

Discussion of diagnostic methods for sleep-related breathing disorders.

Main Results:

Tonsillectomy effectively treats sleep apnea confirmed by PSG in approximately 80% of pediatric patients.
Recurrent tonsillitis benefits from tonsillectomy only when infections are frequent and persistent over several years.
Tonsillectomy may benefit some children with PFAPA and psoriasis, but is not warranted for other conditions.

Conclusions:

Tonsillectomy is a valuable treatment for PSG-confirmed pediatric sleep apnea.
The decision for tonsillectomy in recurrent tonsillitis should be based on documented infection frequency and duration.
Further research is needed to clarify the diagnosis and treatment of sleep-related breathing disorders without PSG.