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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the progression...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, epidemiology and patterns in Saudi Arabia.

Abdulrahman A Alrajhi1, Ali M Al-Barrak

  • 1Department of Medicine, MBC 46, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel. +966 (1) 4427494. Fax. +966 (1) 4427499.

Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia)
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis incidence is rising in Saudi Arabia, potentially underestimated by reporting gaps. Early diagnosis is crucial to reduce severe health impacts and healthcare costs.

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Published on: September 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) incidence is increasing in Saudi Arabia.
  • Underreporting may lead to higher true incidence rates.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis endemicity necessitates awareness of extrapulmonary TB.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology and patterns of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Saudi Arabia.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges and clinical implications of delayed diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of available epidemiological data on extrapulmonary TB in Saudi Arabia.
  • Analysis of patterns of various extrapulmonary TB forms.

Main Results:

  • Increasing annual incidence rates of extrapulmonary TB observed.
  • Diagnosis requires high clinical suspicion and specialized laboratory procedures.
  • Delayed diagnosis contributes to increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs.

Conclusions:

  • Clinicians must maintain high suspicion for extrapulmonary TB, especially in high endemicity areas.
  • Awareness of diverse extrapulmonary TB presentations is vital for timely diagnosis and management.
  • Addressing reporting gaps is essential for accurate incidence assessment and effective public health strategies.