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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

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A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
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Published on: August 29, 2020

A chemical logic for reprogramming to pluripotency.

Alejandro De Los Angeles1, George Q Daley

  • 11] Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA [2] Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA [3] Broad Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA [4] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Cell Research
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists identified small molecule cocktails to chemically induce pluripotency in adult somatic cells. This breakthrough offers a new chemical approach to reprogramming cells, bypassing traditional methods.

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Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Na&#239;ve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency
09:07

Chemical Reversion of Conventional Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to a Naïve-like State with Improved Multilineage Differentiation Potency

Published on: June 10, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Chemical biology
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state using methods like nuclear transfer or transcription factor induction.
  • Previous attempts to achieve chemical induction of pluripotency using small molecules alone have been unsuccessful.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify cocktails of small molecules capable of inducing pluripotency in adult somatic cells.
  • To establish a chemical means of cellular reprogramming, distinct from existing methods.

Main Methods:

  • A rational, systematic screening approach was employed to identify effective small molecule combinations.
  • Adult somatic cells were treated with various small molecule cocktails to assess pluripotency induction.

Main Results:

  • Specific combinations of small molecules were found to successfully restore pluripotency in adult somatic cells.
  • The identified chemical cocktails provide a novel method for cellular reprogramming.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical induction of pluripotency from somatic cells is achievable using carefully selected small molecule cocktails.
  • This research opens new avenues for regenerative medicine and disease modeling through chemical reprogramming.