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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
The Skin Microbiota01:27

The Skin Microbiota

The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
09:07

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

Published on: June 24, 2025

Complement modulates the cutaneous microbiome and inflammatory milieu.

Christel Chehoud1, Stavros Rafail, Amanda S Tyldsley

  • 1Departments of Dermatology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The complement system

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation
09:07

Murine Model of Epicutaneously-Induced Immunomodulation

Published on: June 24, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Microbiology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The skin harbors diverse microbes, but immune system influence on this microbiota is unclear.
  • Understanding host-microbe interactions is crucial for skin health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the complement system in regulating the skin microbiota.
  • To explore the bidirectional communication between the skin immune system and its resident microbes.

Main Methods:

  • Deep sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to analyze microbiota composition.
  • Gene expression analysis of antimicrobial peptides, pattern recognition receptors, and inflammatory mediators.
  • Immunohistochemistry to assess inflammatory cell infiltrates in the skin.

Main Results:

  • Inhibiting the C5a receptor (C5aR) altered skin microbiota composition and diversity.
  • C5aR inhibition led to reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides and inflammatory genes.
  • Reduced macrophage and lymphocyte infiltration was observed with C5aR inhibition.
  • Commensal microbiota appears to regulate skin complement gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • The complement system, specifically C5aR signaling, plays a key role in shaping the skin microbiota.
  • There is a reciprocal relationship between the skin immune system and the commensal microbiota.
  • These findings advance the understanding of host-microbe immune mutualism in the skin.