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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Computed Tomography

Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-IV: Assessement and Diagnostic Studies

Assessing and diagnosing Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) involves a detailed approach that includes a comprehensive review of medical history, physical examination, and a variety of diagnostic tests. This thorough evaluation is essential to ensure an accurate diagnosis and guide effective management strategies.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

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Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Multi-modal Pulmonary Imaging: Using Complementary Information from CT and Hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI to Evaluate Lung Structure-Function
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Distinct quantitative computed tomography emphysema patterns are associated with physiology and function in smokers.

Peter J Castaldi1, Raúl San José Estépar, Carlos S Mendoza

  • 11 Channing Division of Network Medicine.

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
|August 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Distinct computed tomography (CT) emphysema patterns offer new insights into lung disease. These patterns better predict lung function and health outcomes in smokers than standard measures.

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Radiology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Emphysema presents in varied pathologic patterns, but their epidemiological associations are poorly understood.
  • Standard computed tomography (CT) quantitative measures do not differentiate these distinct patterns of parenchymal destruction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the epidemiological associations of distinct emphysema patterns.
  • To correlate these patterns with lung physiology, function, and healthcare utilization in smokers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized local histogram-based assessment of lung density to quantify distinct low-attenuation patterns in 9,313 smokers from the COPDGene Study.
  • Tested associations between these patterns and measures of physiology, function, and healthcare use to assess their novel insights into chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) epidemiology.

Main Results:

  • Local histogram-based measures of distinct CT low-attenuation patterns are more predictive of lung function, dyspnea, quality of life, and healthcare use than %LAA-950.
  • These patterns show strong associations with respiratory physiology and function, remaining significant after adjusting for %LAA-950.
  • Mild centrilobular disease patterns in smokers without COPD correlate with lower FEV1 and worse functional status.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct CT emphysema patterns provide novel information on the relationship between emphysema and key physiological, functional, and healthcare measures.
  • CT scans can identify mild emphysema patterns in smokers with preserved lung function, which are significantly associated with functional measures.