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Related Concept Videos

Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Phospholipase C-β in immune cells.

Toshiaki Kawakami1, Wenbin Xiao

  • 1Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Laboratory of Allergic Disease, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS-RCAI), Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.

Advances in Biological Regulation
|August 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Phospholipase C-beta (PLC-β) research reveals its role in immune cell activation and cancer. The PLC-β3 isoform forms a signaling complex that regulates immune responses and tumorigenesis.

Keywords:
B cell receptorBCRC-terminalCTDAGG-protein-coupled receptorGAPGPCRGTPase-activating proteinHSCILIP(3)ITAMNPPGPKCPLCSH2Src homology 2T cell receptorT cell-independentTCRTITNFαdiacylglyceroldkodouble knockouthematopoietic stem cellhydroxylnitrophenylimmunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifinositol 1,4,5-trisphosphateinterleukinphospholipase Cprostaglandinprotein kinase Ctumor necrosis factor α

More Related Videos

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
08:49

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes

Published on: March 14, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation
10:52

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Published on: January 6, 2016

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes
08:49

Fluorescence-Based Measurements of Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate Exchange Between Membranes

Published on: March 14, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Recent advances in phospholipase C (PLC)-beta research have elucidated its structural and functional roles.
  • PLC-beta isoforms (β1-β4) are activated by GTP-bound Gαq, downstream of G protein-coupled receptors.
  • PLC-betas are implicated in the differentiation and activation of immune cells, influencing both innate and adaptive immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the activation mechanisms of PLC-beta isoforms.
  • To explore the role of PLC-beta in immune cell function.
  • To investigate the specific functions of the PLC-beta3 isoform in signaling pathways.

Main Methods:

  • G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway analysis.
  • Immune cell differentiation and activation assays.
  • Molecular complex formation studies (e.g., SPS complex).

Main Results:

  • Understanding of PLC-beta isoform activation by Gαq downstream of GPCRs.
  • Evidence for PLC-beta involvement in immune cell differentiation and activation.
  • Identification of the PLC-beta3 isoform's interaction with tyrosine kinase pathways.
  • Discovery of the PLC-beta3, SHP-1, and Stat5 forming the SPS complex.
  • Demonstration of the SPS complex's regulatory role in tumorigenesis and immune cell activation.

Conclusions:

  • PLC-beta signaling is crucial for immune system regulation.
  • The PLC-beta3 isoform plays a key role in immune cell function through the SPS complex.
  • The SPS complex is a significant regulator in both cancer development and immune responses.