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Related Concept Videos

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Atherosclerosis I: Introduction01:30

Atherosclerosis I: Introduction

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder characterized by the buildup of plaques on the arterial inner wall, causing them to narrow and harden over time. These plaques comprise lipids, calcium, blood components, carbohydrates, and fibrous tissue. The process primarily affects the intima of large and medium-sized arteries, reducing blood flow in any artery.Etiology and risk factorsThe cause of atherosclerosis is multifactorial, involving a complex interplay among endothelial injury, lipid...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Peripheral Artery Disease I: Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) predominantly results from atherosclerosis, which involves the accumulation of fatty deposits, or plaques, within the walls of arteries. This causes them to narrow and harden, significantly reducing blood flow. PAD predominantly affects the legs, particularly the arteries supplying the thighs and calves. In rare cases, it may involve other arteries, including those in the arms.Etiology of PAD:The principal cause of PAD is atherosclerosis, which results from fatty...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Quantification of Atherosclerosis in Mice
06:59

Quantification of Atherosclerosis in Mice

Published on: June 12, 2019

ABCD2 Score and Large-Artery Atherosclerosis.

Archit Bhatt1, Muhammad U Farooq, Adnan Safdar

  • 1Spectrum Health Neurosciences, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.

The Neurohospitalist
|August 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary

The ABCD2 score predicts stroke risk after TIA, but higher scores are more likely to indicate intracranial or extracranial stenosis. However, some low-risk patients still have symptomatic stenosis, suggesting the ABCD2 score may not identify all at-risk individuals.

Keywords:
ABCD2TIAextracranial stenosisintracranial stenosisstenosis

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Single Nuclei Isolation from Coronary Endarterectomy Tissue of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Stroke Prevention

Background:

  • Extracranial stenosis (ECS) and intracranial stenosis (ICS) are established risk factors for stroke post-transient ischemic attack (TIA).
  • The ABCD2 score is a validated tool for predicting stroke risk in TIA patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between the ABCD2 score and the presence of ECS or ICS in TIA patients.
  • To determine if the ABCD2 score effectively identifies patients with significant vascular stenosis.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective analysis of 77 TIA patients was conducted.
  • Vascular imaging and ABCD2 scores were collected and analyzed.
  • The correlation between stenosis presence, ABCD2 scores, and clinical outcomes was examined.

Main Results:

  • 39.2% of TIA patients had stenotic lesions (ICS or ECS).
  • Patients with ABCD2 scores > 3 were significantly more likely to have ICS (OR=6.25) and ECS (OR=5.25).
  • Notably, 19.2% of symptomatic stenotic lesions occurred in patients with ABCD2 scores ≤ 3.

Conclusions:

  • While higher ABCD2 scores correlate with increased likelihood of stenosis, they do not identify all patients with symptomatic lesions.
  • The ABCD2 score may underestimate stroke risk in a subset of TIA patients with low scores but symptomatic stenosis.
  • Further evaluation is needed to identify all TIA patients at risk for stroke due to vascular stenosis.