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Related Concept Videos

Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
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Unusual Results

Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
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Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
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Surveys02:16

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Social Proof00:52

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Sucrose Preference and Novelty-Induced Hypophagia Tests in Rats using an Automated Food Intake Monitoring System
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Unsurprising, in a good way.

Steven Hrotic1

  • 1Continuing Education, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405. stevenhrotic@yahoo.co.uk http://www.uvm.edu/

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|August 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Environmental conditions impact social hierarchies, with greater freedom disparities between upper and lower classes in harsher settings. This finding supports theories on the rise of state-level hierarchies and ancient Near East religion.

Area of Science:

  • Sociology
  • Environmental Studies
  • Religious History

Background:

  • Social stratification and freedom disparities are influenced by environmental factors.
  • Hierarchical emergence models offer insights into societal development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the relationship between environmental conditions and social class freedom differences.
  • To connect these findings to theories of state-level hierarchy emergence.
  • To explore implications for understanding ancient Near East religion.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing research on environmental conditions and social structures.
  • Comparative analysis with models of state-level hierarchy emergence.

Main Results:

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  • A greater difference in freedoms between upper and lower social classes is observed under less favorable environmental conditions.
  • This pattern aligns with established models of hierarchical societal development.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental adversity exacerbates social stratification.
  • The findings provide a new perspective on the historical development of social hierarchies.
  • This research offers a supportive framework for understanding aspects of ancient Near East religion.