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Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Antifungal Agents01:15

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Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
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Mutualism is a symbiotic interaction in which all participating organisms benefit. These relationships can be obligate or facultative and are fundamental to ecosystem functions across diverse biological systems.Plant–Fungi MutualismOne well-known example is the association between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Rhizophagus species. The fungal hyphae penetrate the root hairs and the epidermis, forming an extensive hyphal network that establishes a symbiotic association. Through this...
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Organisms exhibit remarkable metabolic diversity, categorized based on how they acquire energy and carbon. These strategies enable survival in various ecological niches and are essential for maintaining energy flow and nutrient cycling within ecosystems.Energy and Carbon SourcesOrganisms are classified as phototrophs or chemotrophs based on energy acquisition. Phototrophs use light as their energy source, while chemotrophs rely on oxidizing chemical compounds. Further differentiation arises...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
10:08

Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Published on: November 5, 2019

A developmental program for Candida commensalism.

Neil A R Gow

    Nature Genetics
    |August 30, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    A new study reveals Candida albicans has a benign gut form in healthy humans. This commensal fungus uses a developmental program to downregulate virulence and enhance metabolism for survival without causing harm.

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    Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species
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    Published on: March 4, 2017

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    Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
    10:08

    Visualization of Candida albicans in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract Using Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

    Published on: November 5, 2019

    Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species
    09:27

    Generation of Fluorescent Protein Fusions in Candida Species

    Published on: March 4, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Mycology
    • Human Microbiome

    Background:

    • Candida albicans is a common human commensal and opportunistic pathogen.
    • In healthy individuals, C. albicans resides benignly in the gut.
    • Immunocompromised individuals are susceptible to C. albicans infections.

    Discussion:

    • A specific developmental program induces a commensal form of C. albicans in the gut.
    • This program involves downregulation of virulence factors.
    • Metabolic functions are induced to utilize available nutrients in the large intestine.

    Key Insights:

    • Commensal C. albicans actively adapts to the gut environment.
    • The fungus balances survival with host non-pathogenicity.
    • Metabolic adaptation is crucial for benign gut colonization.

    Outlook:

    • Understanding this developmental program could lead to novel therapeutic strategies.
    • Targeting virulence downregulation may prevent C. albicans infections.
    • Further research into fungal-host interactions in the gut microbiome is warranted.