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Related Concept Videos

Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
08:49

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?

Published on: June 6, 2020

Vertex cephaloceles: a review.

Zeng Gao1, Luca Massimi, Simone Rogerio

  • 1China-INI, Xuanwu Hospital, Beijing, China.

Child'S Nervous System : Chns : Official Journal of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery
|August 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Vertex cephaloceles (VCs) can hide serious brain abnormalities. Surgical treatment is recommended for VCs to prevent complications and improve outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pediatric Neurosurgery
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Vertex cephaloceles (VCs), or midline parietal cephaloceles, are common scalp masses.
  • VCs involve herniation of meningeal walls through skull defects, often containing anomalous vessels or neural elements.
  • Despite their benign appearance, VCs frequently conceal complex intracranial venous or brain malformations, acting as a 'tip of the iceberg'.

Observation:

  • Associated anomalies include venous malformations (e.g., straight sinus variations, vein of Galen elongation, falcine sinus persistence, superior sagittal sinus fenestration) and brain malformations (e.g., corpus callosum agenesis, intracranial cysts, tentorial malformations, cerebellar vermis agenesis, hydrocephalus, gray matter heterotopia).

Findings:

  • Surgical intervention is the standard treatment for VCs.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

External Cephalic Version: Is it an Effective and Safe Procedure?
08:49

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Published on: June 6, 2020

Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection
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Endoscopic Approach for Colloid Cyst Resection

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  • Indications for surgery include preventing malformation rupture or addressing pain and cosmetic concerns.
  • Preoperative radiological assessment is crucial for evaluating the VC's relationship with the sagittal sinus and brain communication.

    • Implications:

    • Surgical procedures for VCs are generally performed without significant complications.
    • The overall prognosis for VCs is favorable.
    • Associated intracranial anomalies significantly influence the long-term outcome for patients with VCs.