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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements01:27

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The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements00:57

The Periodic Table and Organismal Elements

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
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Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

When a healthy diet turns deadly.

Steven D Zumbrun1, Angela R Melton-Celsa1, Alison D O'Brien1

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Bethesda, MD USA.

Gut Microbes
|August 31, 2013
PubMed
Summary

A high fiber diet (HFD) increases gut butyrate, which paradoxically enhances Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) effects. HFD-fed mice infected with STEC showed increased colonization, weight loss, and mortality, linked to higher Gb3 receptor levels.

Keywords:
Escherichia coliO157:H7Shiga toxinbutyratecolondietglobotriaosylceramidehemolytic uremic syndromekidneymicrobiota

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The Murine Choline-Deficient, Ethionine-Supplemented (CDE) Diet Model of Chronic Liver Injury
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The Murine Choline-Deficient, Ethionine-Supplemented (CDE) Diet Model of Chronic Liver Injury

Published on: October 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • High fiber diets (HFD) promote beneficial gut microbiota metabolites like butyrate.
  • Butyrate paradoxically increases the cytotoxicity of Shiga toxin type 2 (Stx2) from E. coli.
  • Gut microbiota and diet composition influence host susceptibility to bacterial toxins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of HFD on gut microbiota composition and Stx2 toxin effects.
  • To determine if HFD influences host susceptibility to Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) infection.
  • To explore the role of butyrate and Gb3 receptor levels in HFD-associated STEC pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were fed either a high fiber diet (HFD) or a low fiber diet.
  • Mice were infected with Stx-producing E. coli (STEC).
  • Gut microbiota composition, butyrate levels, Stx receptor (Gb3) expression, and host responses (colonization, weight loss, mortality) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • HFD consumption led to increased gut butyrate and altered microbiota, with reduced Escherichia species.
  • HFD-fed mice infected with STEC exhibited higher colonization, greater weight loss, and increased mortality rates.
  • Elevated levels of the Stx receptor globotriaocylceramide (Gb3) were observed in the gut and kidneys of HFD-fed animals.

Conclusions:

  • HFD exacerbates STEC infection severity through mechanisms involving increased butyrate and Gb3 receptor expression.
  • Dietary fiber content significantly modulates the gut environment and host susceptibility to bacterial toxins.
  • These findings may explain the higher incidence of hemolytic uremic syndrome in females due to HFD-induced changes.