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Related Concept Videos

Shrinkage in Concrete01:27

Shrinkage in Concrete

Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
When concrete is still in its plastic state, it can undergo a decrease in volume by about 1% of its absolute volume. This decrease is known as plastic shrinkage. It arises either...
Superplasticizers01:30

Superplasticizers

Superplasticizers are advanced admixtures that enhance the workability of concrete by lowering the water content without compromising the strength of the material. These substances are highly effective water reducers, improving concrete flow, making it easier to work with, and enabling concrete to reach inaccessible areas or densely reinforced sections without mechanical vibration. The key components in superplasticizers are either sulfonated melamine or naphthalene formaldehyde condensates,...
Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
Drying Shrinkage01:21

Drying Shrinkage

When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
A portion of this drying shrinkage can be reversed; if the concrete is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
08:45

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation

Published on: July 21, 2014

Flowable composite resins: do they decrease microleakage and shrinkage stress?

Nicholas R Conte1, Jason H Goodchild

  • 1DENTSPLY Caulk employee.

Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry (Jamesburg, N.J. : 1995)
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New bulk-fill flowable composites minimize shrinkage stress and polymerization stress. These advancements streamline dental techniques, enabling effective 4-mm increments for better clinical outcomes.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Area of Science:

  • Restorative Dentistry
  • Dental Materials Science

Background:

  • All dental composites experience shrinkage and polymerization stress during setting.
  • Minimizing these stresses is crucial for long-term restoration success and longevity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a new category of bulk-fill flowable composites.
  • To assess the potential of these materials to reduce polymerization shrinkage stress.
  • To determine if these composites facilitate streamlined dental procedures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized new bulk-fill flowable composite technology.
  • Applied materials in 4-mm increments.
  • Measured and analyzed polymerization shrinkage stress.

Main Results:

  • The new bulk-fill flowable composites effectively reduce shrinkage stresses.
  • The materials allow for the use of 4-mm increments in dental applications.
  • These advancements contribute to improved clinical results.

Conclusions:

  • Bulk-fill flowable composites represent a significant advancement in restorative dentistry.
  • These materials offer a method to decrease polymerization stress while using 4-mm increments.
  • The technology promises streamlined techniques and enhanced patient outcomes.