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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Co-activators and Co-repressors

Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Chromatin modulators as facilitating factors in cellular reprogramming.

Luis Luna-Zurita¹, Benoit G Bruneau

¹Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

|September 3, 2013

Summary

Cellular reprogramming efficiency is improved by understanding how chromatin remodeling factors influence transcription factor activity and gene expression. This knowledge expands the range of cell types that can be generated for research and therapy.

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CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

Published on: September 14, 2018

Area of Science:

Cellular and Molecular Biology
Epigenetics
Developmental Biology

Background:

Cellular reprogramming alters cell identity for disease modeling and therapeutics.
Current methods rely on transcription factors (TFs) but are often inefficient.
Chromatin structure influences TF activity and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of chromatin remodeling in cellular differentiation and reprogramming.
To explore mechanisms by which chromatin modifications impact reprogramming efficiency.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent insights into chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation.
Analysis of the interplay between transcription factors and chromatin states.

Main Results:

Chromatin remodeling factors significantly impact TF activity and gene expression.
Understanding these mechanisms enhances cellular reprogramming efficiency.
Expanded range of cell types can be generated through improved reprogramming.

Conclusions:

Chromatin remodeling, histone modifications, and DNA methylation are crucial for cellular differentiation and reprogramming.
Targeting epigenetic mechanisms offers a promising avenue for advancing cellular reprogramming technologies.
Further research into these mechanisms will facilitate therapeutic applications.