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Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred irrespective...
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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Oxygen-Independent Assays to Measure Mitochondrial Function in Mammals
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Mitochondrial-nuclear interactions: compensatory evolution or variable functional constraint among vertebrate

Feifei Zhang1, Richard E Broughton

  • 1Oklahoma Biological Survey and Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear and mitochondrial genes for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) coevolve. Nuclear OXPHOS genes show accelerated evolution, but this is mainly due to relaxed constraints on noncore subunits, not compensatory changes.

Keywords:
cytonuclear coevolutiondNdSevolutionary ratesnonsynonymous substitutionoxidative phosphorylationsynonymous substitution

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is crucial for energy production in aerobic organisms.
  • OXPHOS involves protein subunits encoded by both mitochondrial (mt) and nuclear (nu) genomes.
  • The coevolution of these independent genomes is a key question in evolutionary biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the compensatory evolution hypothesis regarding OXPHOS genes.
  • To investigate if nuclear OXPHOS genes evolve faster than nuclear non-OXPHOS genes.
  • To compare evolutionary rates of mt and nu OXPHOS genes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) substitution rates.
  • Examined 13 mt OXPHOS genes, 60 nu OXPHOS genes, and 77 nu non-OXPHOS genes.
  • Utilized data from 7 fish and 40 mammal species.

Main Results:

  • Combined analysis supported the compensatory evolution hypothesis.
  • Analysis of individual OXPHOS complexes did not consistently fit the hypothesis.
  • dN of nu OXPHOS core subunits was lower than noncore subunits.
  • dN of nu non-OXPHOS genes showed no significant difference compared to core OXPHOS subunits.

Conclusions:

  • Compensatory changes play a limited role in OXPHOS gene evolution.
  • Accelerated nuclear substitution rates are primarily driven by reduced functional constraint on noncore subunits.
  • The interplay between mt and nu genomes in OXPHOS evolution is complex.