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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
Commonly used reporter...
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards
10:50

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

Published on: February 25, 2017

Using variability in gene expression as a tool for studying gene regulation.

Olivia Padovan-Merhar1, Arjun Raj

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Systems Biology and Medicine
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Cellular individuality in gene expression, driven by stochastic events, offers a powerful tool for understanding gene regulation. Analyzing this variability reveals new insights into transcriptional control and gene regulatory interactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Quantitative tools now enable measurement of gene expression in single cells.
  • Significant cell-to-cell variability in messenger RNA and protein levels is frequently observed.
  • This variability often arises from inherent stochastic events in gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of gene expression variability as a tool for understanding gene regulation.
  • To explore applications of cellular individuality in biological research.
  • To highlight the potential of variability analysis in transcriptional control studies.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on variability as a natural systems-level perturbation.
  • Quantitative characterization of biological processes underlying transcription.
  • Application of variability analysis for discovering gene regulatory interactions.

Main Results:

  • Gene expression variability serves as a valuable perturbation for studying gene regulation.
  • Variability analysis allows for quantitative insights into transcriptional mechanisms.
  • This approach aids in the discovery of novel gene regulatory interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Leveraging gene expression variability provides new biological insights into transcriptional control.
  • Variability analysis offers a powerful complementary approach to existing techniques.
  • The study of cellular individuality in gene expression is a growing field with significant potential.