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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccines.

Axel T Lehrer1, Michael R Holbrook

  • 1PanThera Biopharma, Aiea, HI 96701.

Journal of Bioterrorism & Biodefense
|September 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a growing threat across Eurasia. Current vaccines offer protection, with European vaccines demonstrating cross-protective capabilities and rapid efficacy, even after a single dose.

Keywords:
Tick-borne encephalitisarbovirusbiodefevaccine

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Published on: December 29, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) incidence and range are increasing globally.
  • TBE is caused by three distinct TBE virus (TBEV) subtypes: Far-eastern, Siberian, and European.
  • The severity of TBEV infection varies by subtype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of licensed TBE vaccines.
  • To summarize emerging vaccine technologies for TBEV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of published studies on TBE vaccines.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy and cross-protection data.
  • Summary of ongoing vaccine development.

Main Results:

  • Four licensed TBE vaccines exist (two European, two Russian), all formalin-inactivated.
  • European TBE vaccines show cross-protective effects in animal models and humans.
  • Rapid vaccination schedules are possible, with significant protection after one dose and long-lasting immunity after two.

Conclusions:

  • Licensed TBE vaccines provide effective protection against the disease.
  • European vaccines offer cross-protection and can be administered rapidly during outbreaks.
  • New vaccine technologies are under development to combat TBEV.