Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 8, 2026

A Method to Study the C924T Polymorphism of the Thromboxane A2 Receptor Gene
Published on: April 1, 2019
Role of Toll-like receptor 2 (-196 to -174) polymorphism in susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis in Pakistani
Abrar-Ul-Haq Khan1, M A Aslam, I Hussain
1Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Abstract:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global public health problem and a source of preventable deaths each year, with 8.8 million new cases of TB and 1.6 million deaths worldwide. Pakistan ranks sixth on the list of 22 high-burden tuberculosis countries in the world. The transitions from infection to clinical disease are very few signifying that host-defence factors could lead to the development of active disease. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 polymorphisms have been associated with regulation of TLR expression and development of active TB. In this study, blood samples of 187 subjects including 100 healthy and 87 TB positive were collected from three districts of Pakistan. DNA was extracted from blood and TLR 2 (-196 to -174del) polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results suggest that the frequency of -196 to -174del/del polymorphism of TLR2 was significantly higher in TB-positive patients compared with healthy. Results revealed that (-196 to -174del) polymorphism may increase the susceptibility to TB in healthy population of Pakistan. Moreover, males with heterozygous genotype (I/D) are more prone to TB than females with the same genotype. The occurrence of TB infection has been found positively associated with the age, suggesting that the population within the range of 21-45 years is more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis than other age groups studied. A significant association is also observed between smoking and the chances of developing TB, confirming that smoking strongly promotes its incidence.
Related Concept Videos
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

