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Neurulation

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

Determination

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During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Proneural genes in neocortical development.

G Wilkinson¹, D Dennis, C Schuurmans

¹Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

|September 4, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Key transcription factors, including proneural genes like Neurog1, Neurog2, and Ascl1, control neural cell fate during neocortical development. Understanding their regulation is vital for neuroscience and regenerative medicine.

Keywords:

AS–C Achaete scute-like 1 Ascl1 BAF Brahma-associated factors CGE GABA(+)GABAergic GABAergic and glutamatergic neuronal fates GSK3 HMGA Hes1 LGE MGE NICD Neurog Neurog1, Neurog2, Ascl1 Neurogenin Notch intracellular domain OPCs PRC PcG PcG repressive complex RGCs SP STAT SVZ Signal transducers and activators of transcription VZ achaete–scute complex astrocyte and oligodendrocyte cell fates bHLH basic-helix–loop–helix basic-helix–loop–helix transcription factors caudal ganglionic eminences glu(+)glutamatergic glycogen synthase kinase 3 hairy and enhancer of split 1 high mobility group A lateral ganglionic eminences medial ganglionic eminences neocortex oligodendrocyte precursor cells polycomb proneural genes radial glial cells serine–proline subventricular zone ventricular zone

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Published on: January 12, 2015

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Biology
Genetics

Background:

Neural cell types (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes) originate from CNS progenitor cells.
Transcription factors are crucial for determining specific neural cell fates during development.
Proneural genes, encoding basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, play critical roles in specifying neural identities.

Purpose of the Study:

To profile the critical roles of proneural genes in specifying neural cell identities in the developing neocortex.
To focus on Neurogenin 1 (Neurog1), Neurog2, and Achaete scute-like 1 (Ascl1) and their distinct expression patterns in progenitor cells.
To highlight the importance of regulatory controls dictating the temporal, spatial, and mechanistic functions of these proneural genes.

Main Methods:

Profiling the roles of proneural genes in neocortical development.
Focusing on specific bHLH transcription factors: Neurog1, Neurog2, and Ascl1.
Examining their expression patterns in progenitor cell pools.

Main Results:

Proneural genes (Neurog1, Neurog2, Ascl1) are key determinants of neural cell fates in the developing neocortex.
These genes exhibit distinct expression patterns within progenitor cell populations.
Emerging evidence indicates context-dependent functions of transcription factors, modulated by post-translational modifications and epigenetic alterations.

Conclusions:

Understanding the precise regulation of proneural gene function is essential for comprehending neocortical development.
This knowledge is critical for advancing regenerative therapies for neuronal degeneration and diseases.
Further research into proneural gene regulation promises significant insights into both fundamental developmental processes and therapeutic strategies.