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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
Spontaneous and Induced Mutations01:30

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Translation01:31

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a superfamily...
Mutations in Microorganisms01:18

Mutations in Microorganisms

Mutations are heritable changes in an organism’s genome involving alterations in the base sequence of DNA or RNA. These changes can influence cellular processes and phenotypic traits, potentially transforming the unaltered wild type into a mutant form. Such changes, termed forward mutations, are pivotal in shaping the genetic diversity of organisms.RNA viruses exhibit the highest mutation rates due to the absence of robust proofreading mechanisms during genome replication. In contrast,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Efficient Purification and LC-MS/MS-based Assay Development for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase
10:33

Efficient Purification and LC-MS/MS-based Assay Development for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase

Published on: October 15, 2018

Isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations in leukemia.

Anna Sophia McKenney1, Ross L Levine

  • 1Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|September 4, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations are crucial in leukemia pathogenesis. These mutations impact the leukemia epigenome, hematopoietic differentiation, and clinical outcomes, offering new therapeutic targets.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Metabolism
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Genome-wide studies reveal mutations driving oncogenesis.
  • Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations highlight altered metabolism's role in cancer.
  • IDH mutations possess neomorphic functions affecting epigenetic and gene regulatory pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the relevance of IDH mutations in leukemia.
  • To explore how IDH mutations influence leukemia pathogenesis, therapy, and clinical outcome.
  • To examine the impact of IDH1 and IDH2 mutations on the leukemia epigenome and hematopoietic differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent genome-wide discovery studies.
  • Analysis of the functional consequences of IDH mutations in oncogenesis.

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Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

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Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors
11:15

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

Published on: September 20, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Efficient Purification and LC-MS/MS-based Assay Development for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase
10:33

Efficient Purification and LC-MS/MS-based Assay Development for Ten-Eleven Translocation-2 5-Methylcytosine Dioxygenase

Published on: October 15, 2018

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis
06:28

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

Published on: November 10, 2023

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors
11:15

Next Generation Sequencing for the Detection of Actionable Mutations in Solid and Liquid Tumors

Published on: September 20, 2016

  • Examination of IDH mutation effects on leukemia epigenetics and differentiation.

    • Main Results:

    • IDH mutations play a critical role in leukemia development.
    • Altered metabolism due to IDH mutations affects oncogenic transformation.
    • IDH mutations impact the leukemia epigenome, hematopoietic differentiation, and clinical outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • IDH mutations are significant in leukemia pathogenesis and clinical outcome.
    • Understanding IDH mutation effects provides insights into leukemia therapy.
    • Targeting IDH mutations may offer novel therapeutic strategies for leukemia.