Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Accelerated Reaction Exploration across Scales: A Hybrid Operando and Modeling Study of Oxidation Kinetics in Monolayer Tungsten Disulfide.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

<i>Operando</i> XPS studies of precisely size-selected Pd nano-catalysts for methane oxidation.

Faraday discussions·2026
Same author

Dysregulation of xenobiotic metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbate acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in human antigen R-deficient male mice.

Toxicology·2026
Same author

Evaluation of Salmonella Paratyphi specific antibody quantity and function after vaccination and controlled human infection.

Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)·2026
Same author

Suicidality at Epilepsy Diagnosis and Future Treatment Resistance in Adults With Focal Epilepsy.

JAMA neurology·2026
Same author

AI Scribe Use in Residency Training: A Call for Specialty Society Guidance in Graduate Medical Education.

Advances in medical education and practice·2026
Same journal

Responsible use of artificial intelligence in peer-reviewed publications in epilepsy.

Epilepsia·2026
Same journal

Altered autonomic balance drives the increase in cardiac output and arterial pressure during convulsive seizures in nonanesthetized sheep.

Epilepsia·2026
Same journal

Diagnostic yield and copy number variants findings in 219 adult patients with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy.

Epilepsia·2026
Same journal

Prolonged fenfluramine use in open-label studies of Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut syndromes: Long-term safety, tolerability, patient global functioning, and considerations for interpreting effectiveness.

Epilepsia·2026
Same journal

Electrocardiography characteristics and long-term mortality in people with epilepsy from a resource-poor community.

Epilepsia·2026
Same journal

Factors associated with rapid pediatric acute seizure emergency treatment: Quality Improvement in Time to Treat Status Epilepticus baseline cohort.

Epilepsia·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

The established status epilepticus trial 2013.

Thomas Bleck1, Hannah Cock, James Chamberlain

  • 1Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Epilepsia
|September 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This trial compares fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, and valproic acid for established status epilepticus (ESE). It aims to find the most and least effective treatments for ESE in patients over two years old.

Keywords:
Bayesian designComparative efficacyFosphenytoinLevetiracetamValproic acid

More Related Videos

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
08:28

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
04:51

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: April 11, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System
08:43

Long-term Continuous EEG Monitoring in Small Rodent Models of Human Disease Using the Epoch Wireless Transmitter System

Published on: July 21, 2015

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus
08:28

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Published on: April 5, 2011

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
04:51

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Trials
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Established status epilepticus (ESE) is a critical neurological emergency.
  • Current treatments for ESE lack direct comparative efficacy data from randomized controlled trials.
  • Identifying optimal treatments for ESE is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy and tolerability of fosphenytoin (fPHT), levetiracetam (LVT), and valproic acid (VPA) for treating established status epilepticus (ESE).
  • To determine the most and/or least effective treatment among fPHT, LVT, and VPA in patients aged over two years.
  • To provide high-quality evidence for clinical decision-making in ESE management.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, Bayesian adaptive, phase III comparative effectiveness trial.
  • Enrollment of up to 795 patients, with response-adaptive randomization after 300 participants.
  • Stratification by age groups (2-18, 19-65, 66+) and primary outcome of seizure cessation and improved mental status within 60 minutes without adverse events.

Main Results:

  • The trial is designed to identify the most and least effective treatments with high statistical power.
  • Interim analyses will be conducted for early assessment of success or futility.
  • The study aims to determine if any treatment arm has a >0.975 probability of being the most or least effective.

Conclusions:

  • This comparative effectiveness trial will provide crucial data on the relative merits of fosphenytoin, levetiracetam, and valproic acid in ESE.
  • Findings will guide evidence-based treatment strategies for established status epilepticus.
  • The study addresses a significant gap in the literature regarding ESE treatment optimization.