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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients01:15

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution01:00

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Metabolism

Geriatric patients show significant variation in how their bodies process medications, which can change how effective and safe treatments are. The liver is the primary organ where drug metabolism occurs, involving two main types of chemical reactions: phase I and II. Phase I metabolism is driven by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, which includes key types such as CYP3A, CYP2D6, and CYP2C9. Research indicates that while aging doesn't notably alter the levels or activity of these enzymes, it...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption01:22

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...
Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion01:18

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Excretion

In geriatric patients, renal physiology undergoes significant changes, including diminished renal blood flow and a lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR), leading to alterations in medication clearance. Drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, lithium, and digoxin, which rely on glomerular filtration for removal from the body, particularly impact pharmacokinetics. These drugs tend to have slower clearance rates in older adults, necessitating careful dosage considerations.Evaluation of renal...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

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Published on: February 22, 2019

Perspectives on vaccine development for the elderly.

Ernesto Oviedo-Orta1, Chris Ka-Fai Li, Rino Rappuoli

  • 1Vaccines Research, Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostics, Siena, Italy.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|September 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Developing effective vaccines for seniors requires understanding immunosenescence, the age-related decline in immunity. This review explores current strategies and future directions for elderly vaccination.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gerontology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Global populations are aging, increasing elderly susceptibility to infectious diseases.
  • Aging is associated with immunosenescence, a decline in immune function, impacting vaccine efficacy.
  • Chronic non-communicable diseases are also prevalent in the elderly population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state of vaccine development for the elderly.
  • To critically assess existing literature on immunosenescence and vaccination strategies.
  • To propose future research directions for effective elderly vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles on immunosenescence and vaccines for seniors.
  • Critical assessment of past and current research findings.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps and future research avenues.

Main Results:

  • Existing vaccine strategies for the elderly include higher antigen doses, adjuvanted vaccines, and alternative immunization routes.
  • A key challenge in elderly vaccination is the incomplete understanding of immunosenescence mechanisms.
  • Current approaches have limitations in overcoming age-related immune impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into the immune regulatory mechanisms of immunosenescence is crucial for developing next-generation vaccines.
  • Novel strategies are needed to enhance vaccine responsiveness in the aging immune system.
  • Effective vaccination of the elderly remains a critical public health priority.