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Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma III: Clinical Manifestations

Asthma presents with a characteristic pattern of episodic respiratory symptoms that reflect underlying airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and mucus hypersecretion. Although severity varies among individuals, certain clinical manifestations are considered hallmarks of the disorder and often guide diagnosis and assessment.Respiratory SymptomsA persistent cough is one of the most common early features of asthma. It is frequently dry and tends to worsen at night or in the early morning,...

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma-III: Symptoms and Complications

Asthma, a common chronic respiratory condition, is classified considering the frequency and severity of symptoms alongside lung function impairment. Understanding this classification is essential for appropriate treatment and management. Here's a detailed look at the classification of asthma and its clinical features and complications:
Classification of Asthma

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma-I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

Asthma-IV: Diagnostic and Management

The diagnosis and management of asthma are comprehensive, encompassing clinical assessments, lung function tests, and pharmacological interventions. Here's an overview:
Clinical Assessment for Asthma:
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Breathing

Breathing

The process of breathing, inhaling and exhaling, involves the coordinated movement of the chest wall, the lungs, and the muscles that move them. Two muscle groups with important roles in breathing are the diaphragm, located directly below the lungs, and the intercostal muscles, which lie between the ribs. When the diaphragm contracts, it moves downward, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity and creating more room for the lungs to expand. When the intercostal muscles contract, the ribs...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Auricular Acupressure as an Adjuvant Treatment for Wheezing in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Auricular Acupressure as an Adjuvant Treatment for Wheezing in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Published on: May 10, 2024

Wheezing in preschool children.

Laura Tenero¹, Giovanna Tezza, Elena Cattazzo

¹Department of Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.

Early Human Development

|September 5, 2013

Summary

Wheezing in children is common, with varied classifications and diagnostic challenges in preschoolers. Identifying specific wheezing phenotypes is key for effective pediatric asthma management and improved quality of life.

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Respiratory Medicine
Allergy and Immunology

Background:

Wheezing is a prevalent respiratory symptom in childhood, affecting approximately 50% of children by age six.
Wheezing classification in preschool children is complex, with categories including transient early, non-atopic, and atopic wheezing/asthma.
While many children outgrow wheezing, a significant portion may experience persistent symptoms into later life.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the classification and diagnostic parameters for wheezing in pediatric patients.
To highlight the challenges in diagnosing asthma in children under five years old.
To emphasize the importance of identifying distinct wheezing phenotypes for guiding therapeutic decisions.

Main Methods:

Clinical history and physical examination.

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Auricular Acupressure as an Adjuvant Treatment for Wheezing in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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Published on: May 10, 2024

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Published on: March 3, 2023

Diagnostic tools such as skin prick tests, exhaled nitric oxide measurements, and lung function tests.

Phenotypic classification based on symptom onset and duration.

Main Results:

Wheezing exhibits diverse patterns, with distinct categories for preschool children.
Accurate diagnosis of asthma in young children remains challenging.
Phenotypic characterization aids in tailoring management strategies.

Conclusions:

Effective management of pediatric wheezing requires a nuanced approach to diagnosis and classification.
Identifying specific wheezing phenotypes is crucial for optimizing treatment and improving patient outcomes.
Further research into pediatric wheezing phenotypes can enhance clinical decision-making and patient care.