Flow capacity of the human retrograde internal mammary artery: surgical considerations

The diastolic flow of the retrograde internal mammary artery (IMA) was calculated in 30 patients and compared with the expected coronary flow of the left ventricle and that of specific branches. Arterial pressure and free flow were measured in the proximal and distal IMA as well as in the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries. Systolic and mean arterial pressure were significantly higher in the proximal IMA than in any other site, but diastolic pressure was comparable. Overall and diastolic antegrade IMA flows (77 +/- 6 and 44 +/- 3 mL/min) were significantly greater than the retrograde flows through the distal IMA (18.5 +/- 2 and 11.5 +/- 1 mL/min), musculophrenic artery (13.3 +/- 1 and 7.9 +/- 1 mL/min), and superior epigastric artery (5.3 +/- 0.4 and 3.1 +/- 0.2 mL/min). Only patient-size-related variables correlated significantly with retrograde IMA flow. Diastolic retrograde IMA flow represented 8.5% +/- 0.6% of the expected left ventricle coronary flow and in 12 patients (40%) was greater than the expected flow of at least one posteroinferior coronary artery. Based on these data, the retrograde IMA may adequately perfuse the posterior descending or other posterolateral coronary branches in select patients. Previous measuring of the retrograde flow is mandatory.