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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice
08:30

Use of a Hanging Weight System for Coronary Artery Occlusion in Mice

Published on: April 19, 2011

Volatile anesthetic-induced preconditioning.

T Swyers1, D Redford, D F Larson

  • 1Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Perfusion
|September 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volatile anesthetics like sevoflurane mimic early ischemic preconditioning, offering a safe clinical method to protect the heart. This approach is vital for cardiac surgery patients at high risk of myocardial ischemia.

Keywords:
KATP channelsanestheticsischemiapreconditioningprotein kinase C

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Bilateral Common Carotid Artery Occlusion as an Adequate Preconditioning Stimulus to Induce Early Ischemic Tolerance to Focal Cerebral Ischemia
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
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Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics
08:16

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Published on: July 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • The myocardium possesses an intrinsic protective mechanism against ischemia, known as ischemic preconditioning.
  • This protection involves early (1-6 hours) and delayed (24-72 hours) phases, each mediated by distinct molecular pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of volatile anesthetics in mimicking the early phase of ischemic preconditioning.
  • To discuss the mechanism, safety, and efficacy of volatile anesthetics as clinical inducers of cardiac preconditioning.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ischemic preconditioning mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies investigating volatile anesthetics (sevoflurane, isoflurane, desflurane) and their signaling pathways.
  • Evaluation of clinical applicability and patient populations benefiting from this approach.

Main Results:

  • Volatile anesthetics can replicate the early phase of ischemic preconditioning.
  • This effect is achieved through multi-pathway signaling involving mitochondrial KATP channels.
  • This mimicry offers a safer and more controllable alternative to traditional ischemic preconditioning.

Conclusions:

  • Volatile anesthetics represent a promising clinical strategy for inducing myocardial protection.
  • Their application is particularly relevant for patients undergoing cardiac surgery, especially those at increased risk of ischemia.