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Introduction to Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.

Sensory Modalities

Sensory Modalities

Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
General senses refer to the broad category of sensory information detected by receptors in the body and can be further grouped into somatic and visceral senses. Somatic sensations include touch, pressure, temperature, and pain and are essential for navigating our environment and...

Sensation

Sensation

Sensory receptors are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of external stimuli, initiating the process known as sensation. This occurs when sensory input, such as light entering the eye, is detected by these receptors, causing chemical changes in the cells of the retina. These cells then convert the sensory stimulus into action potentials that are transmitted to the central nervous system, a process termed transduction.
Absolute thresholds can quantify the sensitivity of sensory...

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

Sensitivity, Specificity, and Predicted Value

In healthcare diagnostics, laboratory tests play a crucial role in identifying and diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions. However, interpreting test results is not always straightforward. An abnormal test result does not always confirm the presence of a disease, just as a normal result does not guarantee its absence. To assess the reliability of these diagnostic tools, healthcare practitioners rely on two key statistical indicators: sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity is the...

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile and Chemical Senses

Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex. This...

Somatosensation

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Corneal Sensitivity Testing Procedure for Ophthalmologic and Optometric Patients

Corneal Sensitivity Testing Procedure for Ophthalmologic and Optometric Patients

Published on: August 2, 2024

Sense and clinical sensibility.

Richard M Billow¹

¹Derner Postgraduate Programs in Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York, USA. RMBillow@gmail.com

International Journal of Group Psychotherapy

|September 6, 2013

Summary

Sense is crucial in clinical psychology, acting as a phenomenological and symbolic tool for clinicians and groups. Understanding sense helps grasp psychic reality but can also hinder abstract thought development.

Area of Science:

Psychology
Psychoanalysis

Background:

Explores the metapsychology of sense in clinical practice.
Highlights the dual role of sense as both phenomenological and symbolic.

Observation:

Group members actively participate as both perceivers and perceived.
Sense is fundamental for understanding psychic reality, serving as a reference point.

Findings:

Sense functions as a sign, symbol, metaphor, analogy, illustration, and model.
While sense can fix experience, it may also lead to fixation and impede abstract thought.

Implications:

Clinical vignettes demonstrate leaders using "clinical sensibility" to engage groups.
Sense links to personality, group culture, process, and live clinical interactions.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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A Protocol of Manual Tests to Measure Sensation and Pain in Humans

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