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Related Concept Videos

Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Toxicity Testing in Animals01:23

Toxicity Testing in Animals

Toxicity tests in animals are grounded on two main assumptions: first, the effects observed in laboratory animals can be extrapolated to humans, especially when adjusted for body surface area; second, high-dose exposure in animals is essential to identify potential human hazards from lower doses. This is based on the quantal dose-response concept, which faces the challenge of extrapolating results from relatively few test animals to much larger human populations. For example, a 0.01% incidence...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability
09:23

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Published on: June 21, 2015

Arsenic immunotoxicity: a review.

Nygerma L Dangleben1, Christine F Skibola, Martyn T Smith

  • 1Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. martynts@berkeley.edu.

Environmental Health : a Global Access Science Source
|September 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Chronic arsenic (As) exposure harms the immune system, potentially increasing risks for infections and diseases. Further human studies are needed to confirm these immunotoxicological effects.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability
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Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

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Published on: February 23, 2019

Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster
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Assessment of Chemical Toxicity in Adult Drosophila Melanogaster

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Arsenic (As) exposure is a widespread global health concern linked to cancer and other pathologies.
  • Evidence suggests arsenic adversely affects the immune system, but mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review non-cancer immune-related effects of arsenic exposure.
  • To summarize known immunotoxicological effects across human, animal, and in vitro models.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a literature search focusing on arsenic and immune function.
  • Synthesized findings from human, animal, and in vitro studies.

Main Results:

  • Chronic arsenic exposure can impair essential immune responses.
  • Potential for increased susceptibility to infections and chronic diseases, including cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Arsenic exposure poses a risk to immune system integrity.
  • Further human research is crucial to elucidate arsenic's immunotoxicity and disease links.